The Black-Litterman optimization model is based on the idea of efficient markets and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The BL model enhances standard mean-variance optimization by implementing market views into the optimization process (probability theory).
Investors obtain sophisticated and reasonable asset allocations.
Portfolio management usually comprises asset allocation decisions with the goal of creating diversified portfolios. Managers can consult quantitative models to support their decision-making process.
Fischer Black and Robert Litterman (1992) developed the Black-Litterman (BL) optimization model. It is based on the idea of efficient markets, the capital asset pricing model of Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965), as well as the established mean-variance optimization (MVO) developed by Markowitz (1952), and conditional probability theory dating back to Bayes (1763).
Starting point of the BL model is the assumption that equilibrium markets and market cap. weights provide the investor with Implied Returns. The BL model uses a mixed estimation technique to incorporate investors’ Views into return forecasts. It is possible to implement relative and absolute opinions regarding expected returns of assets with different levels of confidence. These Views enable an adjustment of equilibrium Implied Returns, which forms a new expectation of BL Revised Implied Returns. As a result of optimization with BL input data, the investor gets new optimal portfolio weights.
The motivation of Black and Litterman (1992) to develop a new portfolio optimization tool was a lack of acceptance of the Markowitz algorithm within professional asset managers. There aim was to shape a model which can overcome the weaknesses of MVO and which combines a quantitative and qualitative approach. Consequently, the BL model tackles the weakest point of MVO, its sensitivity to the return forecasts and allows taking active Views.
This paper is structured in the following sections: First, it shows the basic principles on which the BL model is founded. Then, it illustrates the model by means of its assumptions, the general approach, and the math involved. Finally, it evaluates the model in a critical review, provides an overview of applicable extensions, and addresses the issues of practicability and behavioral finance.
Table of Contents
Table of Figures
Table of Abbreviations
Table of Symbols
1 Introduction
2 Basic Concepts – Foundation for Black-Litterman
2.1 Criticism of Classical Portfolio Optimization
2.2 Market Equilibrium Implied by CAPM
2.3 Bayes’ Theorem
3 The Black-Litterman Model
3.1 Assumptions of the Model
3.2 Putting the Approach into Practice
3.2.1 Intuition
3.2.2 Equilibrium Market Implied Returns
3.2.3 Investors’ Views
3.2.4 Revised Implied Returns
3.2.5 Revised Portfolio Weights
3.3 The Equations Behind the Model
3.3.1 Calculating Implied Returns
3.3.2 Defining the Black-Litterman Optimization Problem
3.3.3 Implementing Views with Uncertainty
3.3.4 Computing Revised Implied Returns
3.3.5 Obtaining Revised Portfolio Weights
3.4 Illustration of the Model
4 Critical Review of the Black-Litterman Model
4.1 Advantages and Benefits
4.2 Weaknesses and Limitations
4.3 Extensions and Enhancements
4.4 A Behavioral Finance Viewpoint
4.5 A Practical Viewpoint
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Table of Figures
Fig. 1 Illustration of Black-Litterman Return Distribution
Fig. 2 Black-Litterman as Building Block of the Asset Allocation Process
Fig. 3 Black-Litterman as Building Block of the Asset Allocation Process
Table of Abbreviations
illustration not visible in this excerpt
Table of Symbols
illustration not visible in this excerpt
1 Introduction
Portfolio management usually comprises asset allocation decisions with the goal of creating diversified portfolios. Managers can consult quantitative models to support their decision-making process.
Fischer Black and Robert Litterman (1992) developed the Black-Litterman (BL) optimization model. It is based on the idea of efficient markets, the capital asset pricing model of Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965), as well as the established mean-variance optimization (MVO) developed by Markowitz (1952), and conditional probability theory dating back to Bayes (1763).
Starting point of the BL model is the assumption that equilibrium markets and market cap. weights provide the investor with Implied Returns. The BL model uses a mixed estimation technique to incorporate investors’ Views into return forecasts. It is possible to implement relative and absolute opinions regarding expected returns of assets with different levels of confidence. These Views enable an adjustment of equilibrium Implied Returns, which forms a new expectation of BL Revised Implied Returns. As a result of optimization with BL input data, the investor gets new optimal portfolio weights.
The motivation of Black and Litterman (1992) to develop a new portfolio optimization tool was a lack of acceptance of the Markowitz algorithm within professional asset managers.[1] There aim was to shape a model which can overcome the weaknesses of MVO and which combines a quantitative and qualitative approach.[2] Consequently, the BL model tackles the weakest point of MVO, its sensitivity to the return forecasts and allows taking active Views.
This paper is structured in the following sections: First, it shows the basic principles on which the BL model is founded. Then, it illustrates the model by means of its assumptions, the general approach, and the math involved. Finally, it evaluates the model in a critical review, provides an overview of applicable extensions, and addresses the issues of practicability and behavioral finance.
2 Basic Concepts – Foundation for Black-Litterman
2.1 Criticism of Classical Portfolio Optimization
Harry Markowitz’s (1952) MVO is seen as the cornerstone for many models in modern portfolio theory.[3] The aim of this paper is not to reproduce the well established MVO technique but to show its main weaknesses which motivated Black and Litterman (1992) to create their model.
The purely mathematical MVO algorithm is very sensitive to the return forecasts and requires expected returns for all available assets.[4] The high input sensitivity can produce highly concentrated, poorly diversified portfolios that disaccord with the common idea of diversification. Moreover, small changes in returns can result in large changes in the optimal portfolio weights which entail unstable portfolios.[5] A main critique is that the portfolio outcome of MVO often includes large, unjustified short positions.[6] MVO operates as an error maximization routine since more weight is assigned to assets with higher expected returns which are highly qualified for estimation risk.[7] The input sensitivity also makes it difficult for investors to incorporate their own views or confidence levels on anticipated developments into the optimization process.
Another problematic aspect is that MVO makes no consideration of market cap., but small capitalized assets can imply some limitations.[8]
Overall the fund manager does not get intuitive results when applying the standard MVO approach.
2.2 Market Equilibrium Implied by CAPM
Another acknowledged concept in financial theory is the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), simultaneously developed by Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) among others. The standard CAPM starts from the idea of efficient capital markets where supply equals demand, and market-clearing security prices appear.[9] Alongside its many implications, the most relevant in the context of the BL model is the occurring market equilibrium. The market portfolio is on the efficient frontier, and has the maximum Sharpe Ratio.[10] In equilibrium investors should hold the market portfolio as their risky asset, and adjust their risk exposure by borrowing or lending at the risk free rate (Tobin Separation).[11]
The market cap. of the different assets determine their weights in the market portfolio at equilibrium. This appealing result of equilibrium weights is used as “a neutral reference point” for investors in the BL model.[12]
[...]
[1] cf. He and Litterman (1999), p. 2,3
[2] cf. Satchell and Scowcroft (2000), p. 147
[3] cf. Markowitz (1987) for a general introduction into portfolio theory.
[4] cf. Drobetz (2003), pp. 206-213
[5] cf. Drobetz (2001), p. 60
[6] cf. Black and Litterman (1992), p. 28
[7] cf. Michaud (1989), p. 33, 34, Harvey et al. (2004) address est. error and higher moments.
[8] cf. Markert (2006), p. 20
[9] cf. Market efficiency was defined by Fama (1970)
[10] The Sharpe Ratio is a measure of the mean excess return per unit of risk, Sharpe (1981)
[11] cf. Tobin (1958)
[12] cf. Black and Litterman (1992), p. 29
- Citar trabajo
- Henning Padberg (Autor), 2007, Portfolio Management Using Black-Litterman, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/79584
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