‘Chinese characteristics’ has become a term commonly used to explain why China is different from the rest of the world. However, it has raised the question of whether China really is so different. In the field of constitutionalism, Sun Yat-Sen was the first Chinese politician who embraced Chinese characteristics and constructed the world’s first theory of democracy with ‘Chinese characteristics’ in the early twentieth century. His theory thus enlightens us on the question of whether China really is so different.
Sun Yat-Sen’s theory of democracy consists of three notable ‘Chinese characteristics’ – the pentapartite separation of powers system, direct democracy with an institutional arrangement of representation, and the constitutional single party system. However, all of these ‘Chinese characteristics’ are rooted in Sun Yat-Sen’s misunderstanding of ‘Western’ democracy. It is even more troubling that the incompetent amendments made by Sun Yat-Sen, who was a physician, not only failed to democratise China, but also produced a permanent dictatorship in China. In addition, his allegation that China is different from the rest of the world is not substantiated by logic – any amendment which is based upon a misunderstanding of the original concept is logically false, regardless of who is the originator of the amendment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHY SUN YAT-SEN MATTERS
LITERATURE REVIEW
METHODOLOGY
PENTAPARTITE SYSTEM IN PRACTICE
China’s Most Eminent Bookworm Jurist?
Establishing a Pentapartite Constitution?
A Tricameral Legislative System?
Could the Control Yuan Cease to Exist?
Could the Examination Yuan Be Independent?
Conclusion
PREJUDICE AGAINST REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
Separation of Political Powers and Governing Powers
The National Assembly as an Institution of Direct Democracy
The Powers of Initiative and Referendum in Practice
Sun Yat-Sen and Democratic Centralism
Conclusion
SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM IN CHINA
Political Messiah of China
Political Tutelage and the Constitutional Single Party System
Political Messianism: The Nationalist Government, 1925-1949
Blood Rewardism: The Communist Government since 1949
Mein Kampf: The Nationalist Government in Taiwan, 1949-1990
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
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