In this paper, I want to explore why and how Hijras are driven from their existence as religious sacred beings to sex-workers and how this leads to even more stigmatizing and exclusion, as well as a loss of agency to escape this mechanism.
In the first chapter, I explain what a Hijra is and show that defining Hijras is difficult due to their diverse (self-)perceptions. Furthermore, I give more information on the way Hijras live in communities, and their religious meaning and practices. The second chapter elaborates on their exclusion from social, cultural and economic life and health care systems. The third chapter explains how this exclusion forces many Hijras into prostitution and how this affects their image and (mental) health on the one hand, and how this leads them into a vicious circle of stigmatization on the other hand, in which they have no agency. The conclusion summarizes how all this comes together to deconstruct Hijras from within and without.
Most of this paper will be based on Nanda’s work since she was one of the first to research and write about this topic. Her work is thorough and much of newer literature regarding this topic is based on Nanda’s work. This also makes it difficult to find literature that offers new information, and monographies on social exclusion and the health of Hijras are yet to be written. The social exclusion and its effects on Hijras still seem an important topic to me. Therefore, I decided to face the challenge and work with many shorter scientific articles and bring their content into a context with Nanda’s and similar work.
Content
1 Introduction
2 Hijras – the Third Gender of India
2.1 Who are the Hijras?
2.2 The Dharma of a Hijra as Performer of Religious Ceremonies
2.3 The Hijra Community – New Family and Caste
3 Exclusion of Hijras and its Effects
3.1 Between Blessings, Curses and Westernization
3.2 Growing Up Outside of the Gender Binary
3.3 Outside of the Government’s cheme
3.4 Exclusion from Work Opportunities
3.5 Discrimination in Old Age and Death
3.6 elf-Perception
4 hifting to Forced Prostitution
4.1 The Excluded of the Excluded
4.2 Compensation of Damaged Mental Health with Risky Behaviour
5 Conclusion
6 ources
- Citar trabajo
- Antonia Helesic (Autor), 2018, Shifting Religious Sacredness to Forced Prostitution. The Deconstruction of Hijras from Without and Within, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/462214
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¡Carge sus propios textos! Gane dinero y un iPhone X. -
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¡Carge sus propios textos! Gane dinero y un iPhone X. -
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¡Carge sus propios textos! Gane dinero y un iPhone X. -
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¡Carge sus propios textos! Gane dinero y un iPhone X. -
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¡Carge sus propios textos! Gane dinero y un iPhone X.