This study focus on implications of MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) program on urban migration of non skilled workers and socio-economic impact on rural unskilled workers. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of above said program in HARTI village of GADAG district in Karnataka state. The study was conducted in the month of October 2018. In MGNREGA program Grama panchayat plays an important role in monitoring, executing and implementing the scheme as per guidelines issued by the government of Karnataka. Further Gram Panchayat conducts Gramasabha, prepares the work plan, Job card registration for the unskilled job seekers in the Panchyat limits, issuing job card, creating awareness for work demand, allocating work to job card holder, payment of wages and maintaining relevant records.
In this study, the standard questionnaire was used to collect the primary information from the respondents of the HARTI village in Gadag District. The respondents were the job card holders issued the Gram panchayat and have worked at least once under the MGNREGA program in the HARTI village panchayat.
The study was concluded with the significant impact of MGNREGA program on improvement of socio-economic status of the unskilled workers in the village and also contributed to the non- migration of village unskilled workers to urban areas.
ABSTRACT
This study focus on implications of MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) program on urban migration of non skilled workers and socio-economic impact on rural unskilled workers. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of above said program in HARTI village of GADAG district in Karnataka state. The study was conducted in the month of October 2018. In MGNREGA program Grama panchayat plays an important role in monitoring, executing and implementing the scheme as per guidelines issued by the government of Karnataka. Further Gram Panchayat conducts Gramasabha, prepares the work plan, Job card registration for the unskilled job seekers in the Panchyat limits, issuing job card, creating awareness for work demand, allocating work to job card holder, payment of wages and maintaining relevant records.
In this study, the standard questionnaire was used to collect the primary information from the respondents of the HARTI village in Gadag District. The respondents were the job card holders issued the Gram panchayat and have worked at least once under the MGNREGA program in the HARTI village panchayat.
The study was concluded with the significant impact of MGNREGA program on improvement of socio-economic status of the unskilled workers in the village and also contributed to the non- migration of village unskilled workers to urban areas.
Keyword: MGNREGA, urban migration, socio-economic impact, Impact of MGNREGA etc.
INTRODUCTION:
National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme is an important flagship program of the government of India. This program is being implementing from the year 2005 onwards. It has renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act from 2nd October 2009 onwards. In Karnataka State this act is being implementing from the year 2006 onwards. This act provides employment guarantee for unskilled workers for 100 days wage employment to adult members of a household in a financial year based on their demand in rural areas and ensures livelihood security for rural population. The objectives of the MGNREGA are livelihood and food security by creating productive assets, reducing rural migration to urban areas, reducing rural poverty and sustainable rural development .In this program Grama panchayat plays an important role in monitoring, executing and implementing the scheme as per guidelines issued by the government of Karnataka. Further Gram Panchayat conducts Gramasabha, preparing work plan, Job card registration, issuing job card, creating awareness for work demand, allocating work to job card holder, payment of wages and maintaining relevant records. Gramasabha is mandatory for identifying works as per MGNREGA guidelines. Regular Social Audit is also an important activity to ensure the transparency and effective implementation of the MGNREGA scheme. There is a provision of equal wage for both men and women in this program.
Most of the Indian population lives in villages. Agriculture is main occupation of the rural work force. But Agriculture is seasonal in nature due to large amount of land dependent on rain in India People do not get employment in all days of the year. The seasonal employment in rural area promotes migration of rural people to urban areas. To reduce migration among rural people to urban areas, government of India has been implementing MGNREGA programme in the form of act to give unskilled employment to the rural community. Hence MGNREGA is the government’s ambitious programme for rural community. The main objective of the Programme is to improve the quality of life by providing employment to rural community and strengthen livelihoods by creating long term sustainable assets. This study is mainly focusing on impact of MGNREGA programme on migration of rural people to the urban areas.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To study the implications of MGNREGA on migration of rural unskilled worker to urban areas
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
H1: MGNREGA program has a no significant positive influence on rural migration to urban areas.
H2: MGNERAG Program has no significant positive influence on Socio- Economic status of the rural unskilled workers.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The empirical study was undertaken in ‘HARTI’ village in GADAG district of Karnataka State. The scope of the study is limited to Grama Panchayat of HARTI village of GADAG district.
METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION
The study is empirical in nature. The study is basically based on primary and secondary sources of data. This includes questionnaire, books, journals and websites. Structured questioner was administered to collect the primary data.
Primary Data: For this study primary data is collected through interaction with MGNERAG job card holders in HARTI village of GADAG district.
Secondary Data: Secondary data has been collected from the MGNERAG brochures, relevant articles, journals, websites and magazines.
Sample Size: The population for this study is selected from HARTI village of GADAG district in Karnataka state one that are having the job card from Gram Panchayat and worked at least one time under MGNERAG scheme in HARTI Village Gram Panchayat limits. The sample size is 48 and the Job Card holders of HARTI village people were asked to respond to the questionnaire.
Questionnaire: A questioner consisting of 11 items including the factors like ‘Improvement of socio-economic status’ and ‘ unskilled workers migration to urban areas’ was self administered and filled during the interaction with the respondents of the HARTI village.
Description of the tool:
Part I- Personal details of the respondents.
Part II- Improvement of socio-economic status and unskilled workers migration to urban areas of the respondents.
Statistical Analysis: The primary data collected from the questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS tool. A simple statistical analysis tests such as one sample T-test and cumulative frequency etc has been used in this study.
Table 1: Demographic profile of the respondents
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Table 1.1: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “I have awareness about MGNREGA Programme/ Scheme?” (V1).
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Table 1.2: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “Concern officer/Official provided knowledge/ awareness about MGNREGA Programme in our village/Gram Sabah” (V2).
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Table 1.3: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “My Job card is been created under the MGNREGA scheme by Gram Panchayat” (V3).
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Table 1.4: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “I have applied for providing of employment under MGNREGA Programme” (V4).
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Table 1.5: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “I have got 100 days work under MGNREGA Programme” (V5).
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Table 1.6: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “I have got the wages for the work done under MGNREGA Programme within two weeks” (V6).
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Table 1.7: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “Socio economic status of my family has improved after implementation of MGNREGA Programme.” (V7).
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Table 1.8: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “I believe MGNREGA Programme is good for providing employment.” (V8).
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Table 1.9: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “I will not prefer to go to urban areas in search of work, due to implementation of MGNREGA programme in our village.” (V9).
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Table 1.10: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “MGNREGA Programme has improved living standard of my family” (V10).
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Table 1.11: Frequency distribution of the response for the statement “I will recommend MGNREGA Programme for other non skilled workers in my village” (V11).
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H1: MGNREGA program has a no significant positive influence on rural migration to urban areas.
Testing of the above hypothesis H1 is carried out as, if probability value of one sample t-test is less than five percent level of significance then alternate hypothesis will be accepted. Other wise null hypothesis can be accepted, which means the sample mean is equal to population mean. The hypothesis tested in this study using one sample T- test as shown in the following table 2.1.
Table 2.1: one sample T-test for “Rural migration to urban areas.”
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From the above table 2.1 it is very clear that the significance value of one sample T-Test is zero in all variables. Hence H1 (MGNREGA program has a no significant positive influence on rural migration to urban areas.) will be rejected and alternative hypothesis will be accepted
H2: MGNERAG Program has no significant positive influence on Socio- Economic status of the rural unskilled workers
Table 2.2: one sample T-test for “Socio- Economic status of the rural unskilled workers .”
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From the above table 2.2 it is very clear that the significance value of one sample T-Test is zero in all variables. Hence H2 (MGNERAG Program has no significant positive influence on Socio- Economic status of the rural unskilled workers) will be rejected and alternative hypothesis will be accepted.
FINDINGS
1. The findings revealed that there is a significant positive influence of MGNREGA program on rural migration to urban areas, that means MGNREGA program is providing good amount of work in rural area for un skilled workers there by avoiding the migration of the rural people to urban areas in HARTI village of GADAG district.
2. On the other hand the data provided the significant empirical evidence that MGNERAG Program has positive influence on Socio- Economic status of the rural unskilled workers
FUTURE SCOPE OF RESEARCH
The study was restricted to two factors they are ‘urban migration’ and ‘Socio-Economic conditions of unskilled workers’. But there are other factors which also influence these two factors, which can be taken for the further study. The study was restricted to HARTI Grama Panchayat of Gadag district. The future study can be extended to other areas as well.
CONCLUSION:
The study was restricted to above mentioned two factors only. The study provided the empirical evidence that a significant positive influence of MGNERAG Program on Non-Urban Migration and Improved Socio-Economic Status of the non skilled workers in HARTI village of Gadag District.
Reference:
1. http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx
2. Ajit Ghose, 2015. "Addressing the Employment Challenge: India's MGNREGA,"Working Papersid:7469, eSocialSciences.
3. Sarkar, Prattoy & Kumar, Jagdish & Supriya, 2011. "Impact of MGNREGA on Reducing Rural Poverty and Improving Socio-economic Status of Rural Poor: A Study in Burdwan District of West Bengal,"Agricultural Economics Research Review, Agricultural Economics Research Association (India), vol. 0(Conferenc), pages 1-12, November.
ANNEXURE -1: Questioner used during data collection.
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ANNEXURE -2: Reliability analysis of the data collection tool used in the study
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- Citar trabajo
- Rangappa Yaraddi (Autor), Poornima Acharya (Autor), 2018, Implications of MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) on Migration of Rural Population to Urban Areas, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/448534
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