This dissertation investigates carbon dioxide emissions of maritime container transport from Asia into the European hinterland through the emerging German Jade-Weser-Port (JWP) compared to the deepwater ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp, Zeebrugge and Trieste. Furthermore the deepwater ports are compared on the basis of competitive factors such as hinterland connectivity. The thesis also addresses CO2 reduction measures for the maritime door-to-door container transport.
Maritime container transport accounts for approximately 90 percent of global trade volumes. Largest container vessels represent challenges for container ports, such as the required draft of 15.5 meters. In order to be competitive, many ports try to integrate in global supply chains. Furthermore, environmental issues play a growing role in the maritime business. Thus, the dissertation concentrates on CO2 emissions from maritime supply chains.
Carbon emissions are calculated by applying activity-based approach for road emissions and energy-based method for ship emissions. The online carbon auditing tool “Ecotransit” is used for carbon auditing of rail and inland waterway emissions. For ports an average value of 17.5 kg CO2/TEU is assumed.
The main findings are that north-eastern part of Germany and northern region of Eastern Europe can be reached under minimum CO2 emissions from Jade-Weser-Port. However, JWP provides the worst hinterland connection compared to other deepwater ports. Antwerp and Trieste are inappropriate to serve ultra large container vessels because of insufficient access channel and unsuitable quay cranes, respectively. Ship emissions can be cut by more than 53% by reducing the speed from 19 to 24 knots.
In order to reduce ocean emissions it is recommended to reduce cruising speed and to operate larger ships. Port emissions can be reduced by providing on-shore electricity for ships. Furthermore it is essential to modernise JWP’s rail connection since the rail-track is not electrified over a distance of around 53 kilometres and has two single track sections of 5 and 7 kilometres. The main conclusion is that JWP should implement carbon auditing from the start of its operations.[...]
Table of Contents
1. CHAPTER – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem statement
1.2 Introduction of the considered deepwater ports
1.3 Objectives and Research questions
1.4 Dissertation Structure
2. CHAPTER – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Background
2.3 Green logistics related terms
2.3.1 Environmental impacts of logistics
2.3.2 Global warming potential and conversion factors
2.4 Maritime related Terms
2.4.1 Maritime Supply Chain
2.4.2 Hinterland
2.4.3 Port competitiveness
2.4.4 Intermodal transport
2.5 Carbon auditing / Carbon footprinting
2.5.1 Carbon auditing of ocean going vessels
2.5.2 Carbon auditing of port related emissions
2.5.3 Carbon auditing of road freight transport
2.5.4 Carbon auditing of rail freight transport
2.5.5 Carbon auditing of inland waterway transport
2.6 Measures for CO2 reduction of maritime supply chain
2.7 Conclusion
3. CHAPTER – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research philosophy
3.3 Research approach
3.4 Data collection
3.4.1 Secondary data
3.4.2 Primary data
3.5 Applied methods and tools for calculation of CO2 emissions
3.5.1 Ocean transport
3.5.2 Road transport
3.5.3 Rail intermodal transport
3.5.4 Inland waterway intermodal transport
3.5.5 Average hinterland emissions
3.5.6 Port related emissions
3.6 Investigation of port characteristics and hinterland connectivity
3.7 CO2 reduction measures for JWP’s Maritime Supply Chain
3.8 Research reliability
3.9 Research validity
3.10 Conclusion
4. CHAPTER – FINDINGS AND RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Research Question 1
4.2.1 CO2 emissions from ocean transport
4.2.2 CO2 emissions from road transport
4.2.3 CO2 emissions from rail transport
4.2.4 CO2 emissions from barge transport
4.2.5 Average hinterland emissions
4.2.6 Total maritime supply chain emissions
4.3 Research Question 2
4.3.1 Jade-Weser-Port
4.3.2 Port of Rotterdam
4.3.3 Port of Antwerp
4.3.4 Port of Zeebrugge
4.3.5 Port of Trieste
4.4 Research Question 3
4.5 Summary
5. CHAPTER – ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Research question 1
5.2.1 CO2 emissions from ocean transport
5.2.2 CO2 emissions from road transport
5.2.3 CO2 emissions from rail transport
5.2.4 CO2 emissions from barge transport
5.2.5 Average hinterland emissions
5.2.6 Total maritime supply chain emissions
5.3 Research question 2
5.4 Research question 3
5.4.1 Analysis of measures for reduction of ocean emissions
5.4.2 Analysis of measures for reduction of port emissions
5.4.3 Analysis of measures for reduction of hinterland emissions
5.5 Summary
6. CHAPTER – CONCLUSION
6.1 Limitations of the research and further research possibilities
Objectives and Topics
This dissertation examines carbon dioxide emissions resulting from maritime container transport from the Far East into the European hinterland. It focuses specifically on the emerging Jade-Weser-Port in Germany and compares its performance and environmental footprint against other major European deepwater ports, such as Rotterdam, Antwerp, Zeebrugge, and Trieste.
- Analysis of CO2 emissions from maritime supply chains
- Evaluation of port competitiveness and hinterland connectivity
- Comparison of deepwater port infrastructure and operational characteristics
- Assessment of potential decarbonization measures for container transport
- Identification of regions optimally served by Jade-Weser-Port
Excerpt from the Book
1. CHAPTER – INTRODUCTION
Global container transport is by far the most important factor in international trade. Approximately 90 percent of global trade volume moves in sea containers (Lam, 2011 and Kaluza et al., 2010). In order to accommodate the expected growth in container shipping and to reduce unit costs by exploiting economies of scale, shipping lines utilize ever growing container-vessels (Cullinane and Khanna, 1999). The “sixth” generation or “E-class” container vessel (figure 1.1), with “Emma Maersk” as the world’s largest container ship, has also particular geographical requirements on container ports such as the draft or draught of 15.5 meters (Maersk Line, 2011). Maersk’s Triple-E class vessels with 18,000 TEU will probably set new challenges for container ports. The predicted growth in global container movements leads one to expect that the number of mega container vessels will probably increase significantly in the medium- and long-term. The emerging Jade-Weser-Port (JWP) in Wilhelmshaven, with a tide-independent draft of 16.5 meters, will be able to accommodate the currently largest container vessels. In this dissertation a “deepwater port” is defined as a port which provides a minimum draught of 15.5 meters.
Besides the pressure on container ports to deal with the current and future generation of container ships, there is also a growing public interest in environmental issues. Thus, some ports have begun to implement carbon auditing to figure out their contribution to air pollution. In conjunction with global container transport, carbon auditing can be used to estimate CO2 emissions of maritime supply chains. McKinnon et al. (2010a) define maritime supply chain as the transportation of goods from one particular point to another including at least one sea link.
This dissertation is aiming to examine CO2 emissions from maritime container transport chains passing through the Jade-Weser-Port and other European deepwater ports.
Summary of Chapters
1. CHAPTER – INTRODUCTION: Provides an overview of the significance of global container transport and introduces the Jade-Weser-Port as a subject of investigation regarding its carbon footprint and competitiveness.
2. CHAPTER – LITERATURE REVIEW: Explores existing research on maritime supply chains, green logistics, carbon auditing methodologies, and strategies for CO2 reduction.
3. CHAPTER – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Details the research philosophy, data collection methods (including interviews and online tools), and the specific techniques used to calculate CO2 emissions.
4. CHAPTER – FINDINGS AND RESULTS: Presents the calculated emission data for various transport modes and compares the characteristics and hinterland connectivity of the investigated ports.
5. CHAPTER – ANALYSIS: Analyzes the findings, discussing the environmental performance of ports and evaluating the effectiveness of potential decarbonization measures.
6. CHAPTER – CONCLUSION: Summarizes the key results, addresses the limitations of the research, and suggests possibilities for further studies in the field.
Keywords
Maritime logistics, Carbon footprinting, Jade-Weser-Port, CO2 emissions, Supply chain management, Deepwater ports, Intermodal transport, Hinterland connectivity, Green logistics, Container shipping, Port competitiveness, Environmental sustainability, Decarbonization, Emission factors, Freight transport
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this dissertation?
The research focuses on the carbon dioxide emissions produced by maritime container transport from the Far East to the European hinterland, specifically comparing the performance of the emerging Jade-Weser-Port with established deepwater ports.
What are the primary thematic areas?
The study centers on maritime supply chains, port infrastructure, intermodal transport, and environmental sustainability in logistics.
What is the main objective of this study?
The objective is to estimate and compare CO2 emissions across different maritime supply chains and to determine which inland regions can be reached most environmentally efficiently through the Jade-Weser-Port.
Which scientific methods are employed?
The study utilizes a positivist approach, relying on quantitative data collection including the use of carbon auditing tools like EcoTransIT and secondary data from port authorities and international organizations.
What does the main body cover?
It covers a literature review of logistics and carbon auditing, the methodological approach for emission calculations, the empirical results of port and hinterland comparisons, and an analytical discussion on CO2 reduction strategies.
Which keywords best describe this research?
Key concepts include Maritime logistics, Carbon footprinting, Jade-Weser-Port, CO2 emissions, Supply chain management, and Port competitiveness.
How do ultra-large container vessels impact CO2 emissions per TEU?
The research findings indicate that larger vessels emit approximately 51% less CO2 per TEU compared to smaller 8,000 TEU ships, demonstrating significant economies of scale in terms of carbon efficiency.
Why is the Jade-Weser-Port's rail connection considered a challenge?
The port's rail infrastructure is currently insufficient due to non-electrified track sections and single-track segments, which could hamper the port's goal of handling 50% of its hinterland traffic by rail.
What is the role of the appointment system?
Implementing an appointment system for vessels and trucks is recommended to reduce port congestion and the associated idle emissions, thereby optimizing the flow of container traffic near the port.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Konstantin Veidenheimer (Autor:in), 2011, Carbon dioxide emissions of the container transport from Far East into the European hinterland through Jade-Weser-Port compared to other European deepwater ports, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/264982
