Understanding Intra-Ethnic Land Conflicts. Causes, Consequences, and Solutions in Kenya and their Impact on Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution

Habilitation , 2023 , 13 Pages

Politique - Région: Afrique

The aim of this research paper is to delve into Dr. James Mwita's "Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict" theory, formulated in 2023, and scrutinize the causes and repercussions of intra-ethnic land conflicts, specifically within the Kenyan context. The theory underlines the close link between land ownership and ethnic identity, and indicates that land disputes can be viewed as threats to this identity. Shifts in land tenure systems and political instability are pinpointed as major contributors to intra-ethnic land conflict. Moreover, it discusses possible solutions to prevent or alleviate these conflicts. The theory outlined in this paper has profound implications for peacebuilding and conflict resolution efforts in Africa and beyond.

Abstract:

This research paper presents the Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict theory, coined by Dr. James Mwita in 2023. The theory aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the causes and consequences of intra-ethnic land conflicts, with a particular focus on the context of Kenya. It argues that land ownership is closely intertwined with ethnic identity, and disputes over land can be perceived as threats to this identity. Changes in land tenure systems and political instability are identified as key factors contributing to intra-ethnic land conflict. The paper explores the causes and consequences of such conflicts and offers potential solutions to prevent or mitigate them. The theory presented herein has significant implications for peacebuilding and conflict resolution efforts in Africa and beyond. Keywords: Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict, Theory, Causes and Consequences, Kenya, Peacebuilding

1.1 Introduction

Intra-ethnic land conflict is a complex and pervasive issue in many regions of the world. It is characterized by disputes and tensions within ethnic communities over land ownership and access. These conflicts can have a devastating impact on the affected communities, leading to violence, displacement, and economic disruption.

1.2 Historical Perspectives on Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict

A significant body of literature delves into historical perspectives on intra-ethnic land conflict, examining how colonial legacies, changing land tenure systems, and demographic shifts have shaped these conflicts within ethnic communities.

Colonial legacies: Colonial rule often led to the dispossession of indigenous peoples from their land. This legacy of dispossession has been a major factor in intra-ethnic land conflict in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Changing land tenure systems: In many countries, land tenure systems have undergone significant changes in recent decades. These changes have often led to increased competition for land, which can be a source of conflict. For example, in Kenya, the transition from communal to individual land ownership has led to increased land disputes between members of the same ethnic group.

Demographic shifts: Demographic changes, such as population growth and urbanization, can also contribute to intra-ethnic land conflict. As populations grow, the demand for land increases, which can lead to competition and conflict. For example, in India, the rapid growth of urban areas has led to increased land disputes between different ethnic groups.

1.3 Land Ownership, Identity, and Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict

Exploring the connection between land ownership and ethnic identity is a central theme in understanding intra-ethnic land conflict. Research suggests that land is not only an economic resource but also a symbol of cultural heritage and group identity. For many ethnic groups, land is seen as a source of livelihood, a repository of cultural knowledge, and a connection to the past. As a result, disputes over land can be seen as threats to ethnic identity and group survival.

1.4 Changes in Land Tenure Systems and Conflict Dynamics

Changes in land tenure systems, such as shifts from communal to individual land ownership or the introduction of statutory land regulations, have been identified as triggers for intra-ethnic land conflict. These changes can affect power dynamics, resource distribution, and perceptions of fairness, ultimately influencing conflict dynamics within ethnic groups. For example, in Ethiopia, the introduction of a new land tenure system led to increased land disputes between members of the same ethnic group.

1.5 Political Instability and Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict

Political instability is often intertwined with intra-ethnic land conflict, as it creates an environment of uncertainty and insecurity. Studies have shown that political upheavals, including armed conflicts and transitions of power, can escalate land-related disputes and trigger violent conflicts within ethnic communities. For example, in Rwanda, the 1994 genocide was preceded by a period of political instability and land disputes.

1.6 Critique of Existing Theories and Frameworks

While various theories and frameworks have been proposed to understand intra-ethnic land conflict, it is crucial to critically evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Some theories may overlook certain contextual factors or fail to address the complexities of power dynamics within ethnic communities. For example, the resource scarcity theory of conflict suggests that competition over scarce resources is a major cause of conflict. However, this theory does not take into account the role of social, political, and economic factors in intra-ethnic land conflict.

1.7 Statement of the Problem

Intra-ethnic land conflict poses significant challenges with far-reaching consequences. Despite previous research contributions, gaps exist in our understanding of the causes, dynamics, and outcomes of these conflicts. To address these gaps, comprehensive analyses are needed to consider contextual specificities and socio-cultural dynamics. In addition, power dynamics within ethnic communities require deeper exploration to understand their role in conflict dynamics and promote equitable resolutions. The lack of comprehensive and context-specific solutions is another challenge, necessitating tailored interventions that address root issues. Gender dynamics in intra-ethnic land conflicts also require explicit examination, including the influence of gender roles and norms on conflict dynamics and the adoption of gender- responsive approaches to resolution. Furthermore, incorporating local knowledge and perspectives is crucial to comprehending the complexities of these conflicts. By addressing these challenges, we can develop effective strategies for conflict prevention, resolution, and sustainable peacebuilding within ethnic communities, providing valuable insights to practitioners and policymakers

1.8 Causes of Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict

There are a number of factors that can contribute to intra-ethnic land conflict. These include:

Increasing population pressure: As populations grow, the demand for land increases, which can lead to competition and conflict. This is particularly the case in areas where land is scarce, such as in arid or mountainous regions.

Changes in land tenure systems: Changes in land tenure systems, such as shifts from communal to individual land ownership or the introduction of statutory land regulations, can also lead to conflict. These changes can affect power dynamics, resource distribution, and perceptions of fairness, ultimately influencing conflict dynamics within ethnic groups.

Political instability: Political instability is often intertwined with intra-ethnic land conflict, as it creates an environment of uncertainty and insecurity. Studies have shown that political upheavals, including armed conflicts and transitions of power, can escalate land-related disputes and trigger violent conflicts within ethnic communities.

1.9 Increasing Population Pressure

Increasing population pressure is one of the most common causes of intra-ethnic land conflict. As populations grow, the demand for land increases, which can lead to competition and conflict. This is particularly the case in areas where land is scarce, such as in arid or mountainous regions.

For example, a study by Humphreys and Weinstein (2007) found that population pressure was a significant predictor of intra-ethnic land conflict in Africa. The study found that regions with higher population densities were more likely to experience land-related disputes and violence.

1.10 Changes in Land Tenure Systems

Changes in land tenure systems can also lead to intra-ethnic land conflict. Land tenure systems refer to the rules and regulations that govern land ownership and access. These systems can vary widely, from communal land ownership to individual land ownership.

Changes in land tenure systems can have a significant impact on power dynamics and resource distribution within ethnic communities. For example, if a communal land tenure system is replaced by an individual land tenure system, this can lead to increased competition for land and conflict between individuals and groups.

A study by Levinson (2006) found that changes in land tenure systems were a significant factor in intra­ethnic land conflict in West Africa. The study found that regions that had recently undergone changes in land tenure systems were more likely to experience land-related disputes and violence.

1.11 Political Instability

Political instability is often intertwined with intra-ethnic land conflict, as it creates an environment of uncertainty and insecurity. Studies have shown that political upheavals, including armed conflicts and transitions of power, can escalate land-related disputes and trigger violent conflicts within ethnic communities.

For example, a study by Branch (2018) found that political instability was a significant predictor of intra-ethnic land conflict in Kenya. The study found that regions that had experienced high levels of political instability were more likely to experience land-related disputes and violence. Therefore the causes of intra-ethnic land conflict are complex and varied. However, the factors discussed in this section are some of the most common causes of this type of conflict. By understanding these causes, we can develop more effective strategies for preventing and resolving intra-ethnic land conflict.

2.1 Consequences of Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict

Intra-ethnic land conflict can have a devastating impact on the affected communities, leading to violence, displacement, and economic disruption. The consequences of intra-ethnic land conflict are complex and varied, and can be both immediate and long-term.

2.2 Loss of Life

One of the most immediate consequences of intra-ethnic land conflict is loss of life. Land-related disputes can often escalate into violence, and this violence can lead to death, injury, and displacement.

[...]

• Université: Catholic University of Eastern Africa
• Auteur: Dr. J. Mwita (Auteur)
• Année de publication: 2023
• Pages: 13
• N° de catalogue: V1368571
• ISBN (PDF): 9783346901897
• ISBN (Livre): 9783346901903
• Langue: anglais
• mots-clé: Intra-Ethnic Land Conflict, Theory, Causes and Consequences, Kenya, Peacebuilding