Lived Experience of COVID-19 Pandemic by the Non-indigene in Nigeria

Hausarbeit , 2023 , 34 Seiten

Politik - Region: Afrika

What is the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents in Okada community towards the lived experiences during covid-19 pandemic? What were the challenges of lived experience by non-indigene during the COVID -19 pandemic in Okada Community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria? What were the coping strategies adopted by non-indigene in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State during covid-19?

The 2019 new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious global public health issue. Nearly all nations have seen the virus spread since it was initially identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Over 144 million cases had been documented globally as of March 3, 2021, with 3.07 million fatalities, or a case-fatality rate of 2.12% (WHO, 2021). The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 is much more widespread than previous outbreaks of coronaviruses like the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested a number of control measures based on the COVID-19 virus's known mechanism of transmission, including the use of masks, regular handwashing, social isolation, and lockdowns, to lessen the likelihood that people would spread the virus to one another (WHO, 2020). These preventive interventions are effective, according to the evidence currently available. Although various vaccines have lately been found and are in use, no effective medications have yet been found.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The 2019 new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious global public health issue. Nearly all nations have seen the virus's spread since it was initially identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (World Health Organization, 2021). Over 144 million cases had been documented globally as of March 3, 2021, with 3.07 million fatalities, or a case-fatality rate of 2.12% (WHO, 2021). The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 (Zhu, 2021) is much more widespread than previous outbreaks of coronaviruses like the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested a number of control measures based on the COVID-19 virus's known mechanism of transmission, including the use of masks, regular handwashing, social isolation, and lockdowns, to lessen the likelihood that people would spread the virus to one another (WHO, 2020). These preventive interventions are effective, according to the evidence currently available (Howard, 2021). Although various vaccines have lately been found and are in use, no effective medications have yet been found (Branswell, 2021).

According to a modeling research done in the USA, the number of expected deaths over a two-month period might be reduced by 17–45% in New York State if masks are worn by everyone (Eikenberry, 2020). The risk of COVID-19 is increased by inadequate or nonexistent handwashing, although good hand hygiene can eliminate 97%–100% of the virus in the palm (Gammon, 2021). Since the disease's beginning, Nigeria has created a Presidential Task Force, which has implemented a variety of preventive measures, such as isolating people who may have come into contact with the virus and actively tracing contacts to reduce community transmission. Despite these efforts, there are still more cases than there were before. The Nigerian Center for Disease Control (NCDC) reports that as of April 24, 2021, there were 164,633 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Nigeria, of which 154,643 recovered and 2,061 perished (NCDC, 2021). With this statistic, Nigeria now ranks fourth in Africa for the number of coronavirus infections that have been officially confirmed.

The COVID-19 method of transmission and prevention have been extensively reported in publications (NCDC, 2021), however there is little information on the experiences of those who have survived the illness in Nigeria. In Ovia North East, Edo State, Nigeria, our study will record the lived experiences of non-indigenous people in the Okada community during COVID-19 pandemic. By recording the experiences, it will be possible to learn more about the social setting in which the virus was acquired, the type of symptoms and clinical characteristics of the illness, the types of treatments available, and how the affected individuals felt the healthcare system responded to the virus. The study's findings, in our opinion, will reinforce health system interventions and policies aimed at containing the virus in Nigeria and other low resource environments.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In few months, the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus radically transformed the lives of people around the globe, including people in rural community like Okada community in Ovia north east LGA, Edo State Nigeria. Apart from the devastating health consequences on people directly affected by the virus, the pandemic had major implications for the way non-indigene lived and work, affecting their physical, psychological and social well-being in a profound way.

The outbreak of COVID 19 pandemic interrupted the teaching and learning socialization of non-indigene which may have had a negative impact on their interest to learn, study or learning outcome. Other possible impact of this on the non-indigene were boredom, loneliness and disruption in the stipulated school’s curriculum. It is on this bases that the researcher will be aimed at assessing the lived experience of Okada community non-indigenes during the coronavirus pandemic in Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this study will be aimed at assessing the lived experience of Okada community non-indigenes during the coronavirus pandemic in Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria.

However, the specific objectives will be to:

i. Determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the non-indigenes in Okada community towards their lived experiences during covid-19 pandemic.
ii. Assess the challenges of non-indigene during the COVID -19 pandemic in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria.
iii. Identify the coping strategies adopted by non-indigene in Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria during covid-19.

1.4 Research Questions

i. What is the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents in Okada community towards the lived experiences during covid-19 pandemic?
ii. What were the challenges of lived experience by non-indigene during the COVID -19 pandemic in Okada Community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria?
iii. What were the coping strategies adopted by non-indigene in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State during covid-19?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

- There will be no significant association between the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their challenges during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State.
- There will be no significant association between the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and their coping strategies during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the lived experience of COVID-19 pandemic by the non-indigene in Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria. The population sampled will be non-indigene in Okada community between the months of March to October 2023.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The outcome of the study will be useful to the ministry of health and education in the development of their health and educational programs as well as evaluate the preventive measures to adopt. It will also guide policy makers in government, financial institutions and other associations and organizations related to health and academics to draft policies that will help improve the lived experiences of non-indigene in a similar circumstance occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study help identify lived challenges faced by the non-indigene and the coping strategies they employed to deal with their stress, anxiety and other concerns.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

EXPERIENCE: Experience refers to conscious events in general, more specifically to perceptions, or to the practical knowledge and familiarity of covid-19 pandemic that is produced by these processes among non-indigenes in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State

CHALLENGES: A task or a problem that poses a threat to non-indigenes in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State imposing of new structures to living due to COVID -19 pandemic in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. CO’ stands for corona, VI’ for virus and D’ for disease. The disease was referred to as 2019 novel coronavirus. It usually causes respiratory infection in nose, throat and chest.

LOCKDOWN: A state of isolation or restricted access instituted as a security measure to reduce the outbreak of coronavirus disease among non-indigene in Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria.

PANDEMIC: A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents. It affects more people and takes more lives than an epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic when it became clear that the illness was severe and that it was spreading quickly over a wide area, especially in Okada community, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will cover the conceptual review, theoretical framework and empirical review to the study.

2.1 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

The following concepts was used in the course of this study.

2.1.1 Corona virus

According to WHO, (2020) On December 31, 2019, the China Health Authority alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) to several cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City in Hubei Province in central China. The cases had been reported since December 8, 2019, and many non-indigene worked at or lived around the local Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market although other early cases had no exposure to this market (WHO, 2020). On January 7, a novel coronavirus, originally abbreviated as 2019-nCoV by WHO, was identified from the throat swab sample of a patient (Burki, 2020). This pathogen was later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Coronavirus Study Group and the disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the WHO. As of January 30, 7736 confirmed and 12,167 suspected cases had been reported in China and 82 confirmed cases had been detected in 18 other countries. In the same day, WHO declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) (Burki, 2020).

According to the National Health Commission of China, the mortality rate among confirmed cased in China was 2.1% as of February and the mortality rate was 0.2% among cases outside China. Among non-indigene admitted to hospitals, the mortality rate ranged between 11% and 15%.

COVID-19 is moderately infectious with a relatively high mortality rate, but the information available in public reports and published literature is rapidly increasing. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of COVID-19 including causative agent, pathogenesis of the disease, diagnosis and treatment of the cases, as well as control and prevention strategies.

2.1.1 Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of this disease include but are not limited to; fever, dry cough, abnormality in breathing or shortness of breath and abdominal pain. Other symptoms observed are; upper respiratory symptoms like sneezing, running nose, sore throat and sneezing. Reports of diarrhea, pneumonia, multi-organ failure and loss of sense of smell and possible death have been observed in some COVID-19 cases/non-indigene. It is important to state that not all who are infected develop symptoms (CDC, 2020).

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Fig. 1: Sign and Symptom & General Measures in controlling the spread of covid-19 Source: (WHO, 2020).

2.1.2 Risk factors

Different groups of people are more likely to have more severe symptoms and fall seriously ill than others. Most people who are young and healthy and who contract the virus don’t get severely ill. Records show that the elderly; aged 60 and above are at a higher risk of developing the COVID-19. Another category of persons susceptible to the virus are those who have chronic health conditions-like high blood pressure, kidney or heart disease, cancer and diabetes (CDC, 2020).

2.1.3 Incubation period of the virus

The virus has the ability to survive on surfaces for up to 72hrs. When a person has been exposed to the virus, it takes at least 2-14 days before the symptoms begin to manifest, with an average of 5 days. Although it is possible for a contaminated person to spread the virus before symptoms begin to appear, the virus is most contagious when people are symptomatic (CDC, 2020).

2.1.4 Diagnosis of Corona virus

The standard method for diagnosing Coronavirus is Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab (collection of nasal secretions from the nose and back of the throat). Another method of diagnosis is through a combination of symptoms, risk factor and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia (WHO, 2020).

2.1.4 The fight between SARZS-CoV-2 and the body’s defense system

The immune system is the reason for the continuous existence of the human species. When our cells are invaded by foreign materials, the body’s immune system fight them off by triggering the defense cells to punch through the invader’s cells thereby killing it, making sure we do not end up seriously ill or dead. In some cases, the fight against viruses can be so severe that our immune system gets lost in the fight, causing everything in the zone of the fight to suffer some sort of damage. This means that, our cells begin to destroy themselves as they try to protect us (WHO, 2020).

In a bid for the virus to win the fight, it reproduces more and attacks more cells. At this point, the body has become more determined to save itself and in turn releases more defensive cells. When these cells arrive at the point of invasion (the lungs), they hunt to capture and kill the virus. At this point, the lungs begin to swell with loads of immune cells, molecules, fluids and a “cytokine storm” follows. All of these results in an inflammation of the lungs (WHO, 2020).

The body will develop a fever, the high temperature will create an uncomfortable environment for the virus. Next, the body begins to release mucus in form of running nose and coughing. With a “cytokine storm”, the immune system goes out of control (an overwhelming immune response occurs) and begins to break down blood vessels and dead cells pile up in the lungs. These dead cells clog airways thereby reducing oxygen flow and induces difficulty in breathing; accounting for severe respiratory syndrome (WHO, 2020).

Usually, a healthy immune system is able to fight the virus off and recover from the severe respiratory syndrome but in cases of weak immune systems and the elderly, this heightened immune response may lead to organ failure and possibly death.

2.1.6 Prevention and Management of corona virus

The incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic has put the world in total fear and confusion. People are so scared of contacting or dying from the disease and have begun to take great measures to ensure their survival. While some of these measures might be encouraging such as washing hands, eating lots of fruits and vegetables to boost the immune system and self-isolating, others may not be as positive and thus do not contribute in any way to combating the disease. Such measures include bathing with very hot water to kill the virus and eating alligator pepper (WHO, 2020).

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• Autor: Peter Ugwu Akor (Autor:in)
• Erscheinungsjahr: 2023
• Seiten: 34
• Katalognummer: V1366970
• ISBN (PDF): 9783346896438
• ISBN (Buch): 9783346896445
• Sprache: Englisch
• Schlagworte: lived, experience, covid-19, pandemic, non-indigene, nigeria