Tobacco tax is one of the measures that governments around the world implement in an attempt to curb the use of tobacco products in the country. Multiple studies have suggested that tobacco tax could have considerable impact on consumption and revenue. In this regard, the researcher proposes a structured literature review protocol to explore this study goal. The protocol encompasses a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed sources on the topic. For instance, some studies suggested that tobacco tax leads to an increase in prices of the commodity, thus could deter people from consuming it. Apart from acting as a deterrent to cigarette consumption, it is also an important source of revenue for the government. In a nutshell, the systematic literature review will allow the researcher to compare and contrast multiple sources on tobacco tax and its impact and develop appropriate conclusions. The proposal also highlights the process of literature search and the inclusion criteria in the study.
A Proposal for Systematic Review of the Effect of Tobacco Tax on Cigarette Consumption and England Economy
Abstract
Tobacco tax is one of the measures that governments around the world implement in an attempt to curb the use of tobacco products in the country. Multiple studies have suggested that tobacco tax could have considerable impact on consumption and revenue. In this regard, the researcher proposes a structured literature review protocol to explore this study goal. The protocol encompasses a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed sources on the topic. For instance, some studies suggested that tobacco tax leads to an increase in prices of the commodity, thus could deter people from consuming it. Apart from acting as a deterrent to cigarette consumption, it is also an important source of revenue for the government. In a nutshell, the systematic literature review will allow the researcher to compare and contrast multiple sources on tobacco tax and its impact and develop appropriate conclusions. The proposal also highlights the process of literature search and the inclusion criteria in the study.
Introduction
Tobacco tax is one of the policy tools governments use to combat tobacco consumption and produce long-term benefits that outweigh the cost of product price increases. The design of the tobacco tax policy is based on the argument that the adverse effects of cigarette smoking can be reduced through an increase in the price of the product (Dauchy, 2019). Cigarettes will become more expensive for smokers, thus leading to less consumption. In terms of the economy, reduced smoking improves the life expectancy of the citizens, reduces medical expenses, and ensures that the citizens are more productive (Branstetter et al., 2018). As such, combatting the smoking scourge could have massive benefits not only for the health of English people but also for the England economy. Nonetheless, Scollo (2003) argued that tobacco taxes could have a negative impact on the incomes of the poor. According to Huang and Chaloupka (2012), tobacco taxes are regressive, thus low-income families could increase the proportion of their incomes that they allocate to purchasing tobacco products. Therefore, this paper will conduct an extensive literature review to determine the distributional effect of tobacco taxes on household welfare and the economy. The researcher will systematically review past literature on how increases in tobacco prices influence consumption patterns, workers’ productivity, overall health and the entire economy.
Background
Tobacco use is one of the leading causes of premature deaths around the world. Smoking causes respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, reproductive disorders, and different types of cancers (Dauchy, 2019). While tobacco use has declined in the last decade, it is still a major problem in the United Kingdom. As such, various legislative actions were implemented to minimise tobacco consumption. In the last two decades, tobacco taxes have become relatively popular due to their potential to both deter tobacco use and generate revenues (Perez-Warnisher et al., 2018). Tobacco taxes and other production and consumption-related fees have contributed to a decrease in tobacco consumption, which has resulted in improved public health (Huang & Chaloupka, 2012). Declining tobacco use has also led to an increase in workers’ productivity in several ways. It is important to note that tobacco users are more likely to die prematurely and could also miss work due to health-related issues (Scollo, 2003). Hence, a reduction in tobacco use results in an increase in revenues for individuals, firms, and the government. The effect of an increase in tobacco prices on overall government revenue is an important policy consideration in many countries, including England (Gao & Sanna, 2019). As such, a comprehensive systematic literature review on the effect of the tobacco tax will be vital to narrowing the knowledge gap on this important policy issue.
Basically, systematic literature reviews (SLR), including meta-analyses, are important scientific activities. Systematic reviews are particularly important in developing evidence-based health promotion policies, such as the tobacco tax (Pisinger & Godtfredsen, 2007). For instance, health promotion policies often have massive amounts of information that is prepared by other healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers. Integrating such information will provide a clear policy direction for addressing problematic public health issues, such as excessive smoking within English society. Systematic reviews are vital for efficient integration of existing information and provide comprehensive data for making rational decisions (Mulrow, 1994). According to Mulrow (1994), systematic reviews determine whether scientific findings are consistent and their appropriateness for generalisation across populations, treatment variations, and health promotion suggestions.
Effective systematic reviews use structured protocols, such as PROSPERO and DARE to identify appropriate articles for the study. PROSPERO is an international database containing registered systematic reviews in social care and health services (Dodd & Dare, 2003). Alternatively, DARE is a database that contain abstracts of systematic reviews which have passed quality assessment. These abstracts are a summary of reviews with a critical commentary regarding overall quality. Specifically, meta-analyses enhance the power and precision of estimations of health policy effects and exposure risks (Dodd & Dare, 2003). For instance, meta-analyses will help the researcher predict the potential impact of the tobacco tax on individual cigarette consumption and the English economy. Furthermore, systematic reviews reduce biases, thus improving the reliability and accuracy of policy decisions.
Apart from the multiple information sources on the topic of tobacco tax, researchers adopt systematic reviews for different purposes. First, systematic reviews have a pre-defined structure that ensures that only relevant and reliable data sources are included for analyses of the research problem (Misra & Agarwal, 2018). For instance, systematic reviews are based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PRISMA begins with the development of a protocol that details the review plan. The plan should include the procedure of conducting an extensive systematic literature review based on clear inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the case of the proposed problem on tobacco tax impact, the researcher will search for appropriate peer-reviewed articles from databases, such as COCHRANE, Medline and CINAHL. The researcher will evaluate the unpublished literature in these databases by browsing the abstracts of conferences and ongoing studies. The PRISMA flowchart will provide a summary of the literature search results (Misra & Agarwal, 2018). Though the data will include qualitative and quantitative past findings on the topic, it is not essential to conduct meta-analyses. Meta-analyses should only be performed where the researcher deems it appropriate.
As already highlighted, tobacco tax is an area of research that has attracted numerous studies in the past few decades. In this case, there are several studies assessing its potential deterrent impact on smoking and its use as a source of revenue for the government. Based on the findings in this section, systematic literature review offers a publication assessment strategy that minimises the skewing of systematic review results while eliminating non-academic sources. The use of PRISMA guidelines ensures greater comprehensiveness of the searches and reliable conclusions are reached from the studies.
Research Question and Aims
The goal of this paper is to explore the impact of the tobacco tax on cigarette consumption and England economy. Therefore, the researcher will attempt to answer the following question:
- What are the effects of administering the tobacco tax on cigarette consumption and England economy?
Answering the above question will help the research attain the following specific research objectives:
- Conduct a comprehensive literature search on the peer-reviewed studies on the impact of the tobacco tax on cigarette consumption and England economy.
- Perform a systematic literature review of the identified articles to explore the effect of the tobacco tax on cigarette consumption and England economy.
- Demonstrate the potential efficacy of the tobacco tax as a health promotion policy to deter smoking in England.
Perspective and Methodology
The research question in this paper encompasses both qualitative and quantitative components. It means that the sources that will be considered for the SLR are both qualitative and quantitative (mixed methods systematic reviews). Mixed methods systematic literature reviews is a type of SLR that integrates the findings from qualitative and quantitative studies into a single systematic review addressing overlapping review questions (Misra & Agarwal, 2018). The mixed-methods systematic review is appropriate for this study because it allows the researcher to engage with various aspects of the questions, resulting in more in-depth knowledge on the research topic. Qualitatively, the researcher seeks to enhance understanding of the workings of the tobacco tax and its implementation as a health promotion policy. Quantitatively, the researcher seeks to assess the association between tobacco tax and cigarette consumption and England economy (Choice Reviews Online, 2014). In both cases, there are multiple resources that the researcher can review to answer the question. In this regard, mixed-methods systematic reviews will be appropriate for this study. In addition, the approach helps to narrow the gap between research and practice, as the researcher will be in a better position to suggest evidence-based policies to deter cigarette use. While conclusions from systematic reviews are not always sufficient evidence to inform policy or practice, the application of mixed methods systematic reviews does not only address the issue but also make policy suggestions more relevant (Misra & Agarwal, 2018).
As already stated, mixed methods systematic reviews incorporate qualitative and quantitative research aspects. Cho and Trent (2014) defined qualitative research as a research method that focuses on gathering data through open-ended and conversational communication techniques. The method seeks to explore what people think and why they think so. In this case, qualitative studies focus on what the tobacco tax is and why governments consider it a deterrent policy against smoking. In this case, the qualitative studies identified in this review will allow the researcher to gain in-depth insights and further probe the research issue (Choice Reviews Online, 2014). It will allow for understanding of the motivations and feelings of policymakers and cigarette users regarding taxation. Some of the common forms of qualitative studies that will be considered for this systematic review include ethnography, phenomenology, narrative, grounded theory, and case studies (Cho & Trent, 2014).
Alternatively, quantitative studies refer to systematic investigation of a phenomenon through the collection of quantifiable data and conducting statistical, computational, and mathematical analysis methods to determine the size and relationships among variables (Guo, 2013). It encompasses gathering information from existing and potential target populations using methods, such as surveys, and the results of this data are presented in a numerical form. It includes careful interpretation of the numbers to make predictions. In the case of health promotion policies, such as the tobacco tax, quantitative research methods can help in determining the significance and size of the relationship between tobacco tax and cigarette use and its impact on the economy (Choice Reviews Online, 2014). Quantitative studies include mathematical frameworks and theories about the research question.
Quantitative studies include studies based on probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Probability sampling explains that the chances of an element being included in the study are equal with the rest while non-probability sampling refers to a sampling technique where the elements have no equal chance of inclusion in the study (Etikan, 2017). Quantitative articles will be appropriate in this study as they will offer an objective and elaborate view of the use of tobacco tax. Besides, it contributes to the achievement of a research method that is statistical, logical, and unbiased. Some of the quantitative research designs that will be considered for this study include descriptive, causal-comparative, experimental, and correlational studies on the topic (Guo, 2013).
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- Mourine Atsien (Autor), 2022, A Proposal for Systematic Review of the Effect of Tobacco Tax on Cigarette Consumption and England Economy, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1326038
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