In the current study, the following major research questions have been addressed: What types of mate selection style did the adults prefer to select their spouse? What are the factors behind couple types of marriage adopted in their marriage selection process? Is there a relationship between youth mate selection factors?
This study was aimed to investigate the mate selection process and its associated factors with their marriage: a retroactive investigation with married adults in Elwaye Woreda of Borana zone. To investigate this research, the sequential exploratory mixed design was used. The study was mainly conducted by structured Mate Preferences Questionnaire contains the questions of mate selection style and factors in choosing a mate, focus group discussion, and interview. The respondents of the study are married adults of 377 samples found in selected six Ganda/kebeles for household survey study and the interview, two Abba Gada, two elders, and one married adult from each selected kebeles has participated. Three grouped FGD was also carried out containing one group from Saba kebeles, one from Elwaye, and one group from picked selective of each Ganda. To select those respondents the researcher has used cluster sampling methods for married adults of household survey and others were selected purposively. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were used. The quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS V.20.The frequency distribution and cross-tabulation were also used to examine the relationship or association between two categorical variables, and the hierarchal Binary logistic regression model was used to interpret the result.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Tables
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Statements of the Problem
1.3. The Research Questions
1.4. The objective of the Study
1.4.1. General Objective
1.4.2. Specific Objective
1.5. Significance of the Study
1.7. Limitation of the Study
1.8. Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LETRETURE
2.1. Marriage
2.2. Mate selection Process
2.3. A theoretical view of Mate Selection
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Description of the Study Area
3.3. Population Size, Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.3.1. Population
3.3.2. Samples and Sampling Techniques
3.3.3. Sample Size Determination
3.5. Data Collection Instruments
3.5.1. Questionnaire
3.5.2. Focus Group Discussion
3.5.3. Key Informant Interview
3.6. Data Quality Assurance
3.7. Ethical Consideration
3.8. The procedure of Data Collection
3.9. Methods of Data Analysis
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Introduction
4.1. Qualitative result
4.2. Quantitative Results
4.2.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2.1.1. Demographic characteristics of the participants
4.2.1.2, Cross tabs Analysis
4.2.2. Inferential Statistics
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1. Summary
6.2. Conclusion
6.3. Recommendation
REFERENCES
Appendix
Acknowledgments
I owe the deepest gratitude to my thesis adviser Gammachu Gishe (Ass.Prof.), who from the very beginning supported me in searching and modifying all parts of my thesis, for his invaluable and constructive comments and suggestions throughout my thesis. His professional assistance in this study and his patient guidance has encouraged me to pursue on even on the hardest times.
I would like to express my appreciation to the Oromia Public service Bureau for giving me this chance to learn and have paid a great price throughout my educational journey and supported me and encouraged me. Special thanks to Madda Walabu University for opening the door for education.
I want to give a special thank you to all my wonderful family who was there for me all the time, praying and encouraging me to go on. All my friends, who have prayed and stood by me throughout my educational journey, also deserve my thanks and appreciation. In particular, I owe an earnest vote of thanks to Dirre Guyyo, Danbala Wariyo, Garbicha Jilo Cari, Garbicha Jilo Godana, Diida Liiban Gesu, Dima Doyo, Jarso Boru Raro and Keretto Kushi from Saba.
I must thank heads and members of those sampled families for sharing their invaluable life experiences with me and my field assistants during the tedious interview sessions. I want to give special thank you for Elwaye Woreda Administration and all staff of Elwaye finance office. Finally, I want to thanks all that supported me in every possible way for the accomplishment of this thesis.
List of Tables
Table 1: Selected Ganda/ kebeles of the Woreda and number of sampled Adults
Table 2: Demographic characteristic of married adults by Age, Sex, Education status Religion and Before Marriage relationship
Table 3: Types of mate selection
Table 4: Age of respondents * Types of mate selection Crosstab
Table 5: Education level * Types of mate selection crosstab
Table 6: Before marriage relations * Types of mate selection crosstab
Table 7: Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients
Table 8: Model Summary
Table 9: The results of a hierarchical binary logistic regression
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to investigate the mate selection process and its associated factors with their marriage: a retroactive investigation with married adults in Elwaye Woreda of Borana zone. To investigate this research, the sequential exploratory mixed design was used. The study was mainly conducted by structured Mate Preferences Questionnaire contains The questions of mate selection style and Factors in choosing a mate, focus group discussion, and interview. The respondents of the study are married adults of 377 samples found in selected six Ganda/kebeles for household survey study and the interview, two Abba Gada, two elders, and one married adult from each selected kebeles has participated. Three grouped FGD was also carried out containing one group from Saba kebeles, one from Elwaye, and one group from picked selective of each Ganda. To select those respondents the researcher has used cluster sampling methods for married adults of household survey and others were selected purposively. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were used. The quantitative data were analyzed by using SPSS V.20.The frequency distribution and cross-tabulation were also used to examine the relationship or association between two categorical variables, and the hierarchal Binary logistic regression model was used to interpret the result. Findings indicated that free-choice mate selection is highly prevalent among married adults of the Woreda and that it is the most different or specific of traditional arranged mate selection practices. The main reasons for free-choice mate selection included mainly both personality factors and different social factors. Ages and before marriage relationships of the adults made unique contributions to predict types of mate selection in the full model, but other predictors did not. Thus after controlling age and Before marriage relations, other all predictors like Religions, education level, gender, good financial prospect, good look(beautifulness) and norms and custom of the society has no longer contributed significantly to predicting types of mate selection.
Keywords: - Borana Marriage, Mate Selection Process, Marriage related factors
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
A marriage institution is a collective event present in every society; and again difficulties are defining the concept of marriage. Okoduku (2010) stated that this difficulty largely arises from the variations of marriage arrangements that have been exist in different societies.
The institution of marriage has historically been considered as a life-long commitment, between two partners, for better or for worse. According to Olson and Defrain (2000) cited in Ghiley (2006) marriage is by nature a multifaceted institution is defined as the emotional and legal commitment of two people to share emotional and physical intimacy, various tasks, and economic resources. Religions strongly believe in the sanctity of the institution of marriage and affirm it for proclaiming human life (Sewenet, Tessagay, & Tadele, 2017). Accordingly, one can be easily stated that marriage is a physical, moral union, a social necessity, and a savior of a family as the fundamental unit of society. Whereas family is as two or more people who are committed to each other and who share intimacy, resource decision making responsibilities, and values (Jack, 2015).
Marriage custom has a variation between the country and within the society of one country. All societies try to condemn and control the elements that downplay the importance of this sacred institution. Perkumienè (2014) stated that in all societies the choice of partners is generally guided by rules of exogamy (the obligation to marry outside a group); some societies also have rules of endogamy (the obligation to marry within groups or families).
The main common challenges among societies are ways to form lawful marriage and how to take care of their customs. The research revealed that the criteria used in the selection of spouses vary according to the type of mate-selection system in a particular country and terms of culture and society. In modern societies, mate selection is a familiar, accepted process, which has received extensive attention in the theoretical and research literature (Shalev, Baum, & Itzhaky, 2015). The concepts of beauty also change over time which makes the concepts of criteria in mate selection different in cultures. Social expectations play a prominent role in the processes of dating and mate selection (Ofra, Nehami, & Haya, 2012). In Europe and North of America, such physical feature is considered ugly and unhealthy; while in China, the moon-shaped face is desirable, angular face is attractive in North Europe; while in traditional societies in Africa, plump and large bodies are attractive (Alavi, Alahdad, & Shafeq, 2013).
Divorce, single parenthood, and cohabitation are taboos for many conventional societies and marriage the safest channel for social acceptance and upward mobility (Ayub & Iqbal, 2012). Do to this In Ethiopia it is also becoming hard to demonstrate a healthy example of romantic relationships and marriage customs for others to emulate.
The Oromo people are the largest population of about 80 ethno national groups in Ethiopia today (Jalata & Schaffer, 2013). In Oromo culture, Marriage is one of the most important rituals and there are three things Oromo’s talk about in life: birth, marriage, and death (worku, 2016). Marriage is one of the respected and valuable institutions among the Oromo community where the community bestows great attention and focus (Getachew & Tsehay, 2019). Parents have to guide, direct, advice, and counsel their children from early life to marriage conclusion.
The Borana community is one of the major pastoralist clans that belong to a large ethnic group of Oromo society. According to Tesema (2016), the Borana, one of the major Oromo branches are predominantly pastoralists who live on both sides of the Ethiopian and Kenyan geopolitical divide. Historically, they belong to one of the two main confederacies, the other one being the Barentu. They are well known for their traditional democratic, social and Political administrative system called the "Gada” system.
In the Gada system, marriage has great prestige and expectation in life. Mate selection sets the tone for the early adult lifestyle and selection is not simply a matter of preference or choice. Despite is the foundation for the formation of linage and close relations. However, delayed marriage can cause much damage to different aspects of life. The damage includes a time of child-birth and damage caused by it, poor quality of partner, and fading participation in society (Ola & Mathur, 2016). In a culture where happiness is a primary goal of marriage and the marital choice is primarily an individual responsibility, mate selection processes assume special importance for pre-marital counselors, family life educators, and couples themselves. The present study was focused on identifying the adults mate selection process and its associated factors with the couples types of marriage adopted in the selection process of the selected area.
1.2. Statements of the Problem
Ethiopia is characterized by extensive socio-cultural and ethnic diversity which makes it run a site for studying marriage customs. Almost all ethnic diversity in Ethiopia shares a similar view in marriage and family formation. But, the process by which marriages are contracted and the criteria for mate selection vary from ethnic group to the others across cultures. According to Mutgan (2014) in a society like Ethiopia, arranged marriages are common, parents' negotiation power for dowry or bride price depends on the gendered structures, and economically driven family formation processes affect men and women differently. In the Oromo culture Marriage is one of the most important rituals include the exchange of gifts, mainly by the bride to be paid (Worku, 2016). In Oromo's traditional counseling culture, the engaged lady is not allowed to contact the family of to be husband since the culture never permit such type of relationship mainly to avoid the fear of premarital sex (Getachew & Tsehay, 2019). The one who affianced the lady has also no right to contact the engaged lady alone. But, due to the increased freedom and opportunities of technologies that young people have to select what they believe is adverse of the community custom.
Furthermore, research conducted in Nigeria suggested that youths gave little or no room to their parents to play the traditional role of negotiating on whom their children marry and this has brought about a drastic change in the family structure (Olayiwola & Owagbemi, 2012). As a result, Gabriel and Elem (2015) by the research done among University undergraduate students were reported that the future of young who tend to prefers modern mate selection can be taken as a deviation from culture.
To this effect, since there is no particular research finding on a selected area, a preliminary survey was conducted with Borana elders and married adults. The survey was indicated that Before, Borana has becoming allotted to the confederation or moieties of Sabo and Gona; the marriage was performed by two-generation sets or "Luba" that succeed each other every eight years in assuming political, military, judicial, legislative and ritual responsibilities. That generation sets or lubas are known as "Tulami" and "Lolloyi". Since this two Luba has been very kind to each other no one can shun away from "Haramu” and ‘Kobu", which means the expression of one establishing a sexual relationship with a uterine relative, one's clan member or kin whether close or distant and with someone that belongs to one's paternal or filial Gada class-Luba. To set off from such condition Borana foster thus two Luba to five generation sets, which are currently present and governing it.
The marriage custom and laws by which the Borana are presently governed were formulated during the tenure of Daawwe Gobbo (1706-1714). Abbaa Gada Daawwe Gobbo has not formulated all rule himself alone during his Gada period, but with is 'Gumi Gayo Assembly' (GGA) which stands for proclaiming cardinal laws and customs by which all the Borana must be governed. The rules stated that Sabbo can marry only from Goona and Goona can marry only from Sabbo moiety. Even though now a day marriage is becoming specific from a formerly existing one, Borana still never accept who depart from the rule and Marry from sabo being the sabo and marry from Gona being himself Gona.
Consequently, the data received from the key informants were suggested that in Borana marriage has a great value where a married person is well accepted among the people. The focus group participants were noted that for one who made sexual relationships and beer a child before marriage either man or woman is sexually outcast from Borana society. Thus, the one who takes part in this activity can be considered as 'caphana' in the Borana context.
In Borana community mate selection is not a simple task; selection has a very series process that should be held carefully by culture permissive way. According to the focus group discussants reported, and my personal experiences in general there are about six types of marriage forming means in the Borana Community. These are:
1. ‘Kadha’ literary the type of marriage arranged by parents after getting the consent of the girl families.
2. ‘Hawadi’ which is a marriage type done between the two couples by their will.
3. 'Butta' taking to marriage without the pleasure of female this is often unacceptable.
4. 'Heeruma' a kind of marriage performed only by the interest of a girl where the counterpart has no way to refuse.
5. ‘Irba’or ‘fulkaawa’ giving out one of the young daughters as a gift to widower husband
6. ‘Cifiree’ or ‘gugurdo’ matching with divorced female
In the Borana context among the six means of marriage styles, the first one, which is ‘Kadha’, is more common. Thereby it was forbidden for a couple to get married without the approval of their families. Consequently selecting without community custom may fallow segregation and cultural outcast. However, this day, due to many factors indigenous marriage practice is gradually wearing away.
The baseline survey research was conducted with some key informants suggested that Borana youth mate selection is not inline to its origin. This could be perhaps attributed to exposure to modern education, religion, and intergroup interaction with the adjacent nations such as Burji ethnic, Konso, Somali, and many other Oromos' who came from different zones to get employment opportunities.
To my best knowledge, no research work has been conducted concerning the continuity and change of indigenous marriage practice and key associated factors for youth mate selection preferences. Thus, the purpose of this research is to assess mate selection preference meaning traditional or modern, and its associated factors.
1.3. The Research Questions
In the current study, the following major research questions have been addressed:
- What types of mate selection style does the adults was preferred to select their spouse?
- What are the factors behind couples types of marriage adopted in their marriage selection process?
- Is there a relationship between youth mate selection factors?
1.4. The objective of the Study
1.4.1. General Objective
This study was intended to investigate the lived adult’s mate selection tendency and its associated factors among Borana Oromo of Elwaye Woreda.
1.4.2. Specific Objective
1. To identify whether the couples made their marriage as per the cultural way or their counterparts.
2. To identify factors associated with couples types of marriage adopted in their marriage selection process.
3. To pinpoint the relationship between the youth mate selection factors
1.5. Significance of the Study
Now a day, stability is coming more challenges in every marital life. The results of this research are assumed to have theoretical and practical values in the areas of Culture and indigenous knowledge and its development. The study was put a clear picture of the major sources of the mate selection process and associated factors related. It can serve as reference material for academicians and practitioners working on the stage of developments in general, and adults and marital life in particular. The outputs of this research may have value for Married and unmarried couples, government, nongovernment bodies, mediators, policymakers, Para counselors, etc, who care about the culture of marriage also benefit from it. The relatively few marriage counselors, psychologists, and few researchers on marriage in Ethiopia can also use the finding of this study to promote their activities for the good of society. At the same time, it is a cue to encouraging pastoralist students for further research who are interested to work with the community. They can use the knowledge, values and understandings generated by this study as a theoretical guide to work with the community in the areas of culture to promote social relation.
1.6. Scope of the Study
This study was limited to the Elwaye Woreda or (Aana) of the Borana zone. More generalizable information would be generated if additional Woredas or Aana were included in the study. Moreover, methodologically, this research work is delimited to the use of a structured questionnaire for collecting information from married adults, FGD, and key informant interview which includes a measure of the mate selection process and associated factors. Due to lack of adequate resources, different components or parts community like non married adults and aged peoples was mainly not included. The study was aimed to focus on youth who have married and found in Elwaye Woreda. It was emphasizing the youth mate selection process and associative factors in the area.
1.7. Limitation of the Study
Different challenges are faced to collect the data during data collection. There is not enough literature that is recently conducted on mate preference in the Ethiopian context; hence, the researcher limited from lack of recently working published materials on mate selection among adults, specifically at the selected Woreda. The respondents, who from a different household, at the Woreda level was challenged by the researcher when they were asked for the questions, since they were not familiar with such activities before. The collection of primary data is taken more time than a plan because of the harsh and dray condition and dread of COVID-19 pandemic. Security problems are other challenges that are faced. However, to minimize such limitations, the researcher was used different mechanisms such as properly ensuring the respondents encouragement and confidentiality. On the other hand, there was also a financial restriction for transportation as well as for duplicating the interview papers to cover a wide area.
1.8. Operational Definition of Terms
The major terms and variables of this study were operationally defined as follows.
- Adults:- adults are a people who moving to his/her own choice and risk where they have to choose and plan their orientation and social integration through becoming financially self-sufficient, participation and compulsory education, combined with finding or getting their first job as well as access to housing and Aged above 18 years.
- Associative Factors: - Social and psychological factors that prejudice on Adults mate selection process
- Marriage - refers to a legally or formally recognized union of two people, established by a civil or religious ceremony between two people who intend to live together as sexual or domestic partners.
- Mate selection: - is the process of choosing a partner with whom to form a marriage bond or long-term marriage-relationship.
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LETRETURE
This section presents the definition and process of marriage; mate selection with specific reference, and associated factors.
2.1. Marriage
It is obvious, that every known human society has some form of marriage. The research shows that sociology is preceding psychology by 35 years in the study of marriage. In every complex society governed by law, marriage exists as a public legal act and not merely a private romantic declaration or religious rite. Wimalasena (2016) was described Marriage as a physical as well as a moral union is recognized by society as the basis of a family.
Marriage sometimes defined as an emotional and legal union of a man and a woman as husband and wife which is not just physical, but also spiritual and mental. Tadese (2014) was defined marriage as a culturally approved relationship of one man and one woman (Monogamy) in which there is a cultural endorsement of a sexual relationship between the marital partners of the opposite sex and generally the expectation that children will be born of the relationship.
Traditionally, marriage has been regarded as an alliance between two families/groups, rather than just between the two individuals. According to cited in Simegn (2010) 'Marriage is the socially recognized relationship between a man and a woman that provides for sexual relations, legitimatizes childbearing, and establishes a division of labor between spouses' (P.6).
Marital life can lead to the maturity of personality and the romantic relations between couples; improve the quality of counseling with couples by increased awareness of family counselors (Tavakol, Moghadam, Nikbakht, lesazadeh, & Esmaeili, 2016). However, Okodudu (2010) asserts that the idea of marriage has changed in recent times. In much of the Western European countries, marriage has been conceptualized as a union between two consenting adults irrespective of their sexes with or without approval from their parents of the family. The same is true that Marriage attitude is subject to change over time and many young adults develop negative marital attitudes because of the way they were brought up and with the change of times, science, and technology (Regnerus & Uecker, 2011).
2.2. Mate selection Process
Mate selection is the most important event in the life of individuals and is the root cause of future existence. Young adulthood is often a fundamental time for relationships. The absence of these relationships, social isolation is a situation that many people experience at some point in their lives, with potential implications for their health and well-being (Nassir, 2019). In a mate selection process, not only personal preferences of potential partners are important; but, the social expectations placed on single people also playing a significant role in the processes of dating (Wiley & Sons, 2016). Before building a marriage, young men and women are expected to date unsupervised by adults, fall in love, and possibly cohabit.
According to research data, a person married those of the same race, religion, ethnic background, and social situation. Even though much of the research on mate selection is several decades old, Social scientists have studied different forms of marriage and mate selection. There is palpable evidence that on this earth we have marriages where the partners find each other (autonomous marriages) and marriages where the partners are selected for them by a third party typically their parents (arranged marriages).
Matchmaking is generally based on social, religious, and/or economic similarities between the families of the couple, who are involved in finding the partner and deciding when the wedding should take place (Rajabi, Abbasi, &, Jelodari, 2016). In modern societies, the accepted norm is for people to choose their mate independently. In traditional societies, arranged marriages are the norm which refers to the degree to which a person other than those marrying participates in the process of selection. In other words, the individual has little choice in selecting his mate, or the family selects the mate and arranges the marriage (Ofra, Nehami, & Haya, 2012). Historically, parents play a major role in choosing marriage partners for their children and the custom continues in the world’s developing countries today. Kyalo (2012) states that in some parts of Africa parents choose marriage partners for their children even before they are born, and Parental influence is greatest when the parents have a large stake in which their child marries.
The traditional mate selection is a marriage in which the parents or acquaintances interfere in the process of selecting the couple, but in free choice mate selection, the couples meet each other and get married if they like each other. The traditional mate selection differs from the free choice mate selection (which ends in a contract between two persons) as it is a contract between two families (Neetu, Assefa, Meselech, & Amy, 2016).
Mate selection is a complex process of human interaction and relationships where multiple factors may influence or may determine (Nongkynrih , 2016). Social actors (both males and females) of communities in selecting a partner and some of the factors may accentuate more than others in the final stages of the selection. The research shows that some underlying factors can necessitate such a choice of mate by parents. The possibility of happiness is low in marriage without considering the related significant factors (Alavi, Alahdad, & Shafeq, 2013).
These factors range from the family history of the intended mate; to the intended mate social standing such that issues like Health factors, age, body shape, social factors, educational factors, cultural factors like religion and clothing, psychological factors, physical and beauty, genetic factors, occupation, and so on are usually the focuses for mate selection. (Abdullah, Li, & David, 2011) concluded that Mate selection is one of the most important decisions that individuals make in their lifetime; were as physical attractiveness and physical appearance are important criteria in selection.
2.3. A theoretical view of Mate Selection
Several existing mate selection theories attempt to explain why individuals choose the mates that they do. Spouse selection has been an important research focus in the psychological area of marital and family relations.
Homogeneous mate selection is linked with social characteristics. It is observed when one adheres to the social requirement to marry a person with similar social characteristics, such as ethnicity, race, religion, educational attainment, age, social class, common personal interests, occupations, and entertainment interests (Richard, Yancey, & Bletzer, 2014). Their many theories related to the mate selection; among those:
Homogamy Theory
The tendency for the like to marry like is called homogamy. This theory is concerned with whether or not a person selects a mate with similar personality, social, and physical characteristics. A substantial body of evidence highlights the importance of homogamy by age and marital status, social status, religion, ethnic affiliation, race, and a host of other social and personal characteristics (Marco, van & Ineke, 2019).
Complementary Need Theory
Complementary-needs theory states that we tend to select mates whose needs are opposite and complementary to our own. Brubaker (2016) states that Complementary needs posit attraction as internal motivations between personalities with little mediation by other factors, such as social roles and group influence, or higher organization of values and personality. This theory assumes that the individual seeks out a mate to complement his personality. The basic hypothesis of Winch's "Theory of complementary need in mate selection is that each individual chooses to mate with a person who is most likely to provide him or her with maximum need gratification" Winch and his associate's theories that the gratification is obtained when two individual, interaction may be complementary in two different ways.
Social Exchange Theory
Social exchange theory is a viable theoretical framework to examine relational processes in marital and familial relationships (Nakonezny, & Denton, 2008). Exchange theory emphasizes that mate selection is based on assessing who offers the greatest rewards at the lowest cost . We evaluate our worth and find someone of similar worth. We find people for us with similarities to us (looks for looks, money for money, etc.) People will exchange or barter to make up in areas (i.e. my looks for your money). This is why it is not uncommon to see people getting married that look like brother or sister.
Theory of social penetration
Focuses on the depth and breadth of topics that partners discuss, including the selfdisclosures they make. Love has remained a topic of inquiry and researchers continue to refine existing models of love development. Individual reasons and motivations for finding a mate, including the desire to parent, have likewise been explored. Personal commitment, defined as a sense of wanting to continue the relationship, and including attitudes toward the relationship, the partner, and one's identity in the partnership, is also examined as a component of mate selection.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design
A sequential Exploratory mixed research design was used, which can be categorized under both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The analysis of qualitative data was followed by the subsequent collection and analysis of quantitative data to test the relationships found in the qualitative data. Under Qualitative data, the depth of the current situation by the respondent's views, feelings, and attitudes by using their language and statements under investigation in their particular context were identified. A quantitative approach was used to identify the key variables in numerical forms to quantifying a questionnaire consisting of mostly close-ended questions.
3.2. Description of the Study Area
The Elwaye Woreda is one of the Woredas of Borana Zone which located in the south of the Oromia Regional state. It is one of five newly established Woredas, which is separate and be independent of Yabelo and Taltale Woreda by 2009. The Woreda is bordered on the South by Dillo Woreda, on the West by the Taltale Woreda, on the North by the south national region and the East by Yabelo Woreda. The Woreda has 10 kebeles including two newly established kebeles. According to the Woreda's administration office data of 2011, the total population of the Woreda (Aana) were 48,864 persons, of which 26,296 males and are 22,568 are females. The altitude of the area ranges from 350 to 1800 meters above sea level. The residents of the Aana are primarily pastoralists and agropastoralists. The Woreda has a largely dry and warm climate, interspersed by two short rainy seasons, from March through May and then from October through November. Is located between latitude 37o30’78.38” and 05o49’74” and longitude 03o77’8.44” and 05o49’2.44”.
[...]
- Citar trabajo
- Jarso Halake (Autor), 2020, Mate selection process and its associated factors. A retroactive analysis among married adults in the case of Southern Oromia, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1301519
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