Every person is unconsciously accompanied by socialization in the course of his or her life. You constantly learn new things, meet new people, deal with positive and negative situations, have to solve problems, in short: you have to find your way in everyday life and in society. But what is the role of socialization here? Do we only become a member of society through it? Is socialization a process that constantly takes part in our lives? What happens to us during this process and, above all, where?
I will answer all these questions in the course of this paper. I have chosen this topic because socialization is a lifelong process that affects everyone. I will start with a definition of the term "socialization", then go into the three phases, introduce the instances of socialization and finally explain some disorders in socialization. Finally, I will briefly comment critically.
Table of contents
1. Demarcation of the topic
2. Definition of the term "socialization"
3. The 3 types of socialization
3.1 Socialization
3.2 Enculturation
3.3 Individuation
4. The 3 phases of socialization
4.1 Primary socialization
4.2 Secondary socialization
4.3 Tertiary socialization
5. The 4 most important socialization instances
5.1 The family
5.2 The school
5.3 Peer groups
5.4 The media
6. Disorders of socialization
7. Own critical opinion
Bibliography
1. Demarcation of the topic
Every person is unconsciously accompanied by socialization in the course of his life. You are constantly learning new things, getting to know new people, dealing with positive and negative situations again and again, having to solve problems, in short: you have to find your way in everyday life and in society. But what is the task of socialization here? Is it only through them that we become a member of society? Is socialization a process that incessantly participates in our lives? What is happening to us in the meantime and, above all, where?
I will answer all these questions in the course of this work. I chose this topic because socialization is a lifelong process that affects everyone.
I will first start with a definition of the term "socialization", then go into the 3 phases, introduce the socialization instances and then explain some disturbances in socialization. Finally, I will briefly take a critical position
2. Definition of the term "socialization"
The term "socialization" was first mentioned by Emile Durkheim at the beginning of the 20th century. Durkheim was a French sociologist and wanted to express the development of personality or the development of the social character of man in one word. In psychology, too, the term came up at the time and was heavily discussed. In pedagogy, however, the concept of socialization only gained in importance in the 60s 1.
"Socialization is a process that is usually pre-reflexive, in which certain behaviors or attitudes that are necessary for social action are acquired through interaction references."2
A further definition is approached with a question very understandable : "[...] How and why does a newborn become an anatomical, social subject? Or in other words: How do we become a member of society?"3
On the point that humans are constantly evolving and appropriate behaviors, many scientists agree, but they are changing from definition to definition.
other priorities. For one author, action is more in the foreground, for another, socialization and for another the socialization instances. Klaus Hurrelmann tries to summarize the definition of the concept of socialization:
"Socialization denotes [...] the process in the course of which the biologically endowed human organism forms into a socially capable personality, which, over the course of life, is engaged in confrontation with the natural facilities, in particular the basic physical and psychological characteristics, which form the "inner reality" for man, and the social and physical environment, which form the "outer reality" for man."4
In summary, socialization is the acquisition of certain behaviors, values and norms that are necessary and important for the life of man in society. Another focus of socialization is that people learn to understand their environment and to shape their own lives. Above all, personality development is important here. "Personality is as a specific structure to understand the characteristics, characteristics, attitudes and competencies that characterize a single person. A person's personality includes externally observable behaviors, values, knowledge, language as well as internal processes and states, feelings and motivations." 5 It is important to add that socialization is a lifelong process that does not stop after the adolescence phase or after puberty, for example, because every person constantly develops and learns.
In sociology, the term is defined as follows: "Through socialization, people develop specific skills for social action. [...] Socialization also shaped the specific characteristics of individuals, because it is not only a process of appropriation, but also a process of identity formation."6
The understanding of the concept of socialization in educational science can therefore be compared with that in sociology. Both in sociology and in educational science, one speaks of the learning of social action, as well as of an identity or personality formation.
3. The 3 types of socialization
For the success or failure of socialization, childhood and adolescence are of great importance. One can distinguish 3 aspects in socialization: socialization, enculturation and individuation. 7:
3.1 Socialization
"Socialization is a prerequisite, as this makes socialization in all its aspects possible at all." 8 This first aspect refers to the first year of life "and denotes the ongoing (or neglected) emotional foundation of the infant."9 An infant is seen as a tabula rasa, "[...], he must first be prepared for social life, socialized, i.e. socialized."10 A newborn is initially helpless and needs warmth and attention. This usually gets it through the parents or other caregivers who give it food and love, as well as meet other needs. During socialization, a so-called "world trust" or "original trust" of the child is established. This kind of trust describes the child's relationship with the parents, i.e. the caregivers, and thus also transfers to other people as well as to his environment. If this trust could not be established, the emotional foundation of the child is missing and it is therefore not able to act socially. 11 Developmental disorders may occur "such as excessive fear (fear of separation), aggressiveness, pessimism, inability to deepen social relations and intensive striving for dependence and dominance" 12
3.2 Enculturation
The aspect of enculturation is particularly important for the socialization process and often socialization is understood only in the sense of enculturation. Every society has its own systems of norms and values. The enculturation process begins at birth and involves learning a particular culture, with the emphasis on learning the language. 13 During enculturation, adults give their accumulated knowledge to the
next generation. Like socialization itself, enculturation is a lifelong process that takes place both consciously and unconsciously. In the phase of enculturation, which is very important in the youth of the social union, rituals, celebrations or ceremonies often occur. These play a very important role if a new phase of life is to begin for the social partner. Such ceremonies are celebrated when the child is to be admitted to adolescence. 14 As a result, there are often initiations, i.e. admission to a community, such as the youth consecration. The entry into adulthood, the entry into professional life or other beginnings of life stages are celebrated with certain celebrations or the like. For Protestants this can be confirmation, for Catholics confirmation. A high school graduation ball or a ceremonial enrolment at the start of a course of study are further possibilities. All in all, enculturation is especially important in order to develop one's own personality and become a member of society.
3.3 Individuation
Over time, not only people change, but also societies. Each generation has its own peculiarities, which can be determined from generation to generation. You are constantly developing, you are researching, discovering new things and learning constantly. "Each generation develops new skills and abilities, norms are replaced by other norms, etc."15 It can be said that everyone can learn something from everyone, including parents from their children or teachers from their students. This can only promote the socialization process.
4. The 3 phases of socialization
Socialization is not a process that runs incessally, but it is a process that can be divided into 3 phases; primary, secondary and tertiary socialization.
The socialization instances, which are to be dealt with in the next section, are closely related to the phases.
4.1 Primary socialization
The process of primary socialization takes place especially in the first 3 years of a child's life and is completed with the formation of a personal identity of the individual. Primary socialization refers to the development of the child into a social person. The goal is that the human being becomes a socially capable member in the community, with basic abilities, as well as personality traits. 16 In the phase of primary socialization, the child learns to speak, grasp, stand and walk. Responsible for this are usually the parents or other permanent caregivers. This is done through communication and interaction, i.e. interpersonal action. In addition, the person to be socialized learns to deal with himself and his environment, which means that he trusts and distrusts people in his circle, knows feelings such as fear or curiosity. Primary socialization takes place in the primary socialization instance, the family. In a society like ours, it is normal for a three-year-old child to know objects such as cars, trams, light switches, etc. However, this knowledge varies from society to society. While children learn how to make their shoes, children never get to know shoes in other environments. Another example is the preparation and handling of food. In some societies it is necessary to know how to make bread, while in our society you simply go to the supermarket and buy the food you need.
In conclusion, it can be said that the values, norms and behaviors internalized in this phase are considered stable, but can still change in secondary socialization, for example with entry into kindergarten.
4.2 Secondary socialization
Secondary socialization must not be understood as a replacement of primary socialization, but as a supplement and expansion; the primary is the basis for secondary socialization and includes childhood, schooling and the adolescence phase. "Not only the circle of caregivers is expanding – for example, by kindergarten educators and other kindergarten children. Motor, cognitive, emotional, social and other skills will also be expanded"17. The second phase in the
Socialization process takes place mainly in the family, school or age group. Under other circumstances, however, one can also include homes or other housing options as an instance. The first school attendance is in turn the beginning of a new phase of life and leads to changes, whereby one acquires new behaviors again.
[...]
1 Gudjons, Herbert: Pädagogisches Grundwissen. 8. aktualisierte Auflage. Bad Heilbrunn. Klinkhardt, 2003. P. 149f.
2 Kaiser, Armin; Kaiser Ruth: Studienbuch Pädagogik. Grund- und Prüfungswissen. 10. überarbeitete Auflage. Berlin. Cornelsen, 2001, p. 153.
3 Zimmermann, Peter: Grundwissen Sozialisation. München. Leske+Budrich, 2000. p. 13.
4 Hurrelmann, Klaus: Einführung in die Sozialisationstheorie. 8. vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Weinheim und Basel. Beltz Verlag, 2002, pp. 15f.
5 cf. Zimmermann, p. 17.
6 Joas, Hans: Lehrbuch der Soziologie. 2. durchgesehene Auflage. Frankfurt am Main. Campus, 2003. p. 124.
7 Hellbig, Ludwig: Politik im Aufriss: Sekundarstufe II. Frankfurt am Main. Diesterweg 1993. p. 9.
8 ibid. p. 10
9 ibid. P. 10
10 cf. Zimmermann
11 cf. Hellbig, p. 10.
12 Hupperts, Norbert; Schinzler, Engelbert: Grundfragen der Pädagogik: Eine Einführung für sozialpädagogische Berufe. 9. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. München, 1998.
13 cf. Hurrelmann, p. 18.
14 cf. Hellbig, p. 12.
15 Ibid., p. 10
16 Mogge-Grotjahn, Hildegard: Soziologie: Eine Einführung für soziale Berufe. Freiburg im Breisgau. Lambertus, 1996, p.112.
17 Ibid., p. 113
- Citation du texte
- Kerstin Berger (Auteur), 2007, The types, phases and instances of socialization, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1256128
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