Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research has been analysing the effectiveness of different language acquisition processes. Whereas some findings suggest benefits through implicit acquisition processes, others believe explicit acquisition to be superior. The paper aims to identify current positions in the literature regarding the efficacy of implicit versus explicit language instruction, learning and knowledge, as well as learning difficulties for specific grammatical features when presented implicitly or explicitly and what the findings imply for the English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom.
In order to do so, a general literature review was used to analyse the most relevant findings in the field to answer the first question as well as a specific literature review of The Marsden Project by Elder, Ellis (Ed.), Erlam, Loewen, Philp & Reinders (2009) to answer the second research question.
Findings include support for both implicit and explicit acquisition processes, although significantly more evidence of learning difficulties were found for the former, indicating that explicit knowledge seems to be acquired more easily. However, SLA-research and successful classroom practices do not always align perfectly, as the curriculum indicates that a shift towards a more communicative approach is favoured and teachers should only include explicit instruction where necessary. It was particularly interesting that some grammatical items seem to be similar in learning difficulty for both processes, suggesting that a wider variety of teaching methods can be implemented into the ESL-classroom. Also, the subjective and objective difficulty of the grammatical items do not always overlap completely, which entails that successful acquisition, regardless of its nature, also depends on the teacher-learner relationship.
Table of Contents
1 Necessity of grammatical language awareness (GLA)
2 Language Awareness
2.1 Definition
2.2 Implicit and Explicit Instruction, Learning, Knowledge
3 General Literature Review
3.1 Prominent findings
3.2 Results Limitations
4 Specific Literature Review: Implicit vs Explicit Knowledge benefits
4.1 Test battery
4.2 General results
4.3 Learning difficulty of grammatical structures
4.3.1 Implicit Knowledge
4.3.2 Explicit Knowledge
4.3.3 Methodology
4.3.4 Results
5 Discussion
5.1 Implications for the SL-classroom
5.2 Conclusion
Bibliography
Table of Figures
Table of Tables
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen.