A Survey of the United Kingdom
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B Survey about the Population/ Development from 1801- 1999
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C Common features/ Reasons for development
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D Society
Contemporary British society is characterized by two dominant factors:
(1) traditional nation of Britain as a class-ridden society which is still the outstanding feature of British society
(2) more recent development of Britain from an Anglo- Saxon into a multi- racial society
(-> as a mirror of Britain’s imperial past)
(1):Historical aspects, which lead to the development of a class- ridden society Reasons for class distinctions and class consciousness can be traced back to the 19 th century:
a) Industrial Revolution -> Britain became the first industrial nation in the world
-> capitalists ( landowners, factory- owners)
-> mercantile middle class
-> proletariat ( industrial working- class; factory workers/ miners; no land + money)
moreover: -> destruction of the structure in villages
-> “creation” of new cities without infrastructure
-> great differences in the social system
b) II World War
-> decisive cut in the traditional concept of society ( common war experience, rationing of food after the war -> more egalitarian view of society)
c) Post- war
-> class differences were less obvious and social mobility ( movement from one class to the other) has become a characteristic aspect of contemporary Britain
d) Today
-> “class” has never disappeared and has remained fundamental to stratification (gesellschaftl. Schichtung); class redestribution ( Umverteilung der gesellschaftl. Schichten) has not taken place;
-> Britain is nowadays more socially divided than ever before; “steps”, that were taken to prevent this development failed ( e.g. 1945: reforms in the educational and school system)
-> people from the upper class don’t have as high promotion prospects as people from higher classes
Differences in social “background” and language
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”Classes”
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(2): Multi- racial/cultural society -> table and foil
Background:
- immigration started far back to the 16th century (e.g. Jews,..)
- important role for the development : colonial policies
- main stream of immigrants started in the 1950’s (-> indian subcontinent)
Positive aspects for Britain’s industry:
- cheap workers for manual and dirty work ( steel industry, transportation)
Development:
- many “waves” of immigrants, often bec. of politically persecution
- number of immigrants of former colonies is sinking (-> laws !)
Nationality Acts: ( attempts to deal with immigration and discrimination)
- 1914: Imperial Act. anyone born in the British Empire is a natural- born British
- 1948: British Nationality Act: condemn immigration; no difference between British residents and residents of the Commonwealth
- 1981: British Nationality Act: national status is subdivided into three groups
-> immigration rate dropped
Racial Problems:
- prejudices
- social discrimination
-> 1976: Race Relations Act: to stop racial discrimination and to help integration
Examples of ethnic minorities.
- life in common:
high unemployment low education
life in “ghettos” low wages
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A Percentage of the population in the UK ( Mid-1999 UK Population Estimates)
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B Development from 1801- 1999
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- urbanization: -> shifting from big cities into satellite towns and suburbs
-> danger of desolation of the city centre
C Society
Contemporary British society is typified by two prevalent factors:
(1) traditional notion of Britain as a class-ridden society which is still the outstanding feature of British society
(2) more recent development of Britain from an Anglo- Saxon into a multi- racial society ( mirror of Britain’s imperial past)
(1):Historical aspects, which lead to the development of a class- ridden society can be t raced back to the 19th century:
a) Industrial Revolution -> Britain became the first industrial nation in the world nation was split up into:
-> capitalists ( landowners, factory- owners)
-> mercantile middle class
-> proletariat ( industrial working- class; factory workers/ miners; no land + money)
moreover: -> destruction of the structure in villages
-> “creation” of new cities without infrastructure
-> great differences in the social system
b) World War II and Post-war
-> decisive cut in the traditional concept of society ( common war experience, rationing of food after the war -> more egalitarian view of society)
-> class differences were less obvious and social mobility ( movement from one class to the other) has become a characteristic aspect of contemporary Britain
c) Today
-> “class” has never disappeared and has remained fundamental to stratification (gesellschaftliche Schichtung); class redestribution ( Umverteilung der gesellschaftlichen Schichten) has not taken place;
-> Britain is nowadays more socially divided than ever before; “steps”, that were taken to prevent this development failed ( e.g. 1945: reforms in the educational and school system)
-> people from the lower class don’t have as high promotion prospects as people from higher classes
-> number of homeless people is rising
Differences in social “background” and language
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”Classes”
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(2): Multi- racial/cultural society
Background:
- immigration started far back to the 16th century (e.g. Jews, Irish, French)
- 20th century: Jews from Germany
- after World War II: immigrants from British colonies
- main stream of immigration started in the 1950’s: West Indies (especially from Jamaica) and Indian Subcontinent -> cheap workers for manual and dirty work (steel industry, transportation, National Health Service)
- immigration in the ‘80s: especially from Iran (-> politically persecution)
Development:
- many “waves” of immigrants, often because of political persecution, economic differences
- number of immigrants of former colonies is dropping (-> laws !)
Nationality Acts: ( attempts to deal with immigration and discrimination)
- 1914: Imperial Act: anyone born in the British Empire is a natural- born British
- 1948: British Nationality Act: no differences between British residents and residents of the Commonwealth
- 1962: Commonwealth Immigrants Act
- 1971: Immigration Act
- 1981: British Nationality Act: national status is subdivided into three groups ( British, Dependent Territory Cit., British Overseas Citizens)
-> immigration rate dropped
Racial Problems:
- racial prejudices and social discrimination
-> 1968: Race Relations Act: incitement to racial hatred is culpable
1976: Race Relations Act: to stop racial discrimination and to help integration
Examples of ethnic minorities.
- life in common: high unemployment low education life in “ghettos” low wages
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- Citar trabajo
- Janine Rohde (Autor), 2000, Population Structure of the UK, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/103107
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