Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Sanitary Landfill at Moulvibazar Municipality

Master's Thesis , 2017 , 178 Pages , Grade: GPA 3.77

Environmental Sciences

This EIA defines the area where the project site is located and environmental and socio-economic baseline data is provided for this area. It provides an assessment of likely environmental impacts that may be the result of project activities as well as mitigation measures to be taken to minimize these impacts. These mitigation measures and the monitoring program, prepared for the assessment of the environmental performance of the project, are presented in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has undertaken the "Third Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement (Sector) Project" (UGIIP-III) with financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and OFID to improve governance and urban service provision in 31 municipalities. Among 31 municipalities, the Moulvibazar is one of them, which has been proposed for construction of a sanitary landfill to improve SWMS including improving of other urban facilities under the project.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objective of the Report
1.3.1 Broader Objectives
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1.4 Rationale of Study
1.5 Limitations of the Study
1.6 Importance of the Project
1.7 Scope of EIA Study
1.8 Requirement of EIA
1.9 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER 2
THE LITERATURE
2.1 Literature Review
2.1.1 Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System for Landfill Site Selection
2.1.2 Ground Water Assessment Study
2.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Site Selection
2.1.4 Waste Processing and Solid Waste Management
2.1.5 Optimization Techniques in Solid Waste Management
2.2 Reviews of Institutional and Legislative Framework
2.2.1 The Environmental Conservation Act 1995 (Amended 2010)
2.2.2 Environmental Conservation Rule 1997
2.2.3 GoB National Policy
2.2.4 National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation 1998
2.2.5 Urban Management Policy Statement 1998 & National Urban Sector Policy 2006
2.2.6 The National Environmental Policy 1992
2.2.7 National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP)
2.2.8 National Solid Waste Management Handling Rules 2010 (Draft)
2.2.9 National 3R (Reduce, Reuse & Recycle) Strategy for Waste Management
2.2.10 National Agriculture Policy 1999
2.2.11 Fertilizer Act 2006 and Fertilizer Management Rules 2007
2.2.12 National CDM strategy 2005
2.2.13 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
2.2.14 Private Sector Infrastructure Guideline 2004
2.2.15 Private Sector Housing Development Guideline 2005
2.2.16 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009
2.2.17 ADB Environmental Safeguard Policies and Guidelines
2.2.18 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Policies
2.3 Research Questions
2.4 Chapter Summary

CHAPTERT 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology of the Research
3.2 Study Area
3.2.1 Accessibility
3.2.2 Site Setting
3.2.3 Environmental Considerations for Sitting
3.3 Study Design
3.4 Study Type
3.5 Sampling Procedure
3.5.1 Sample Size Determination
3.5.2 Sample Distribution
3.5.3 Sample Approach
3.6 Variables
3.7 Data Management
3.7.1 Data Collection
3.7.2 Data Collection Method
3.7.3 Instrument of Data Collection
3.8 Data Analysis
3.8.1 Social and Economical Related information
3.8.2 The Natural Environment
3.8.3 Waste Management Practices
3.8.4 Willingness to Participate in Waste Minimization
3.8.5 Solid Waste Management Attitude Scale
3.9 Stakeholder Consultation
3.9.1 Introduction
3.9.2 Objectives of Stakeholder Consultation
3.9.3 Approaches of Public Consultation Meeting
3.9.4 Identification of Stakeholders
3.9.5 Primary Stakeholders
3.9.6 Secondary Stakeholders
3.9.7 Approach and Methodology of Consultation
3.9.8 Focus Group Discussions (FDGs)
3.9.9 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)
3.9 Ethical Issue
3.10 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER 4
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Brief Description of the Project
4.2 Composting Facility
4.3 Landfill
4.4 Other Infrastructural Facilities
4.4.1 Management of Surface Runoff
4.4.2 Access and Peripheral road
4.4.3 Perimeter Fence
4.4.4 Buffer Area and Protection
4.4.5 Control Building
4.5 Utilities
4.5.1 Water
4.5.2 Power
4.5.3 Manpower
4.6 Project Cost and Construction Schedule
4.7 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER 5
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND BASELINE DATA
5.1 Physical Environment
5.1.1 Climate and Metrology
5.1.2 Rainfall and Temperature
5.1.3 Relative Humidity
5.1.4 Wind speed
5.2 Hydrology
5.3 Ground Water
5.6 Biological Environment
5.6.1 Flora & Fauna
5.7 Baseline Data
5.7.1 Ambient Air Quality
5.7.2 Topography
5.7.3 Water Quality
5.7.4 Ambient Noise Quality
5.7.5 Soil Quality
5.8 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER 6
IMPACT AND MITIGATION
6.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures
6.2 Impact Evaluation Methodology
6.2.1 Impact Criteria and Ranking
6.2.2 Impact Significance
6.3 Impact Assessment & Mitigation Measures
6.3.1 Visual Impact & Aesthetics
6.3.2 Impact on Air Quality
6.4 Odors
6.5 Impact on Noise Quality
6.6 Impact on Soil Quality
6.7 Impact on Local Drainage
6.8 Impact of Surface Water Quality
6.9 Impact on Ground Water Quality
6.9.1 Construction Phase
6.9.2 Operational Phase
6.10 Impact on Biological Environment
6.10.1 Impact on Flora, Fauna & Wildlife Habitat
6.10.2 Impact on Bird
6.10.3 Habitat Fragmentation & Migratory Paths
6.10.4 Impact on Endangered/Threatened Flora and Fauna
6.10.5 Aquatic Ecology
6.10.6 Impact on Socioeconomic Environment
6.10.6.2 Positive Impacts
6.10.7 Impact on Occupational Health & Safety
6.10.8 Impact on Community Health & safety
6.11 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER 7
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
7.1 Overview
7.2 Environment Management Plan
7.2.1 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Plan (PPAP)
7.3 Mitigation Measures & Strategies
7.4 Post Closure Operation and Maintenance Plan for the Landfill
7.4.1 Closure Plan
7.5 Landfill Gas Management Plan
7.5.1 Gas Collection and Venting
7.5.2 Internal Drainage Ditches
7.5.3 Treatment of Leachate
7.6 Green Belt Development Plan
7.6.1 Need of the Plan
7.6.2 Guideline for Plantation & Landscaping
7.6.3 Detailed Landscaping Plan
7.6.4 Road Safety & Traffic Management Plan
7.7 Mitigation Measures
7.8 Occupational Health & Safety Management Plan
7.8.1 Scope
7.8.2 Purpose
7.8.3 Mitigation Measures – Construction Phase
7.8.4 Mitigation Measures – Operations
7.9 Community Health & Safety Management Plan
7.9.1 Scope
7.9.2 Purpose
7.9.3 Mitigation Measures – Construction Phase
7.9.4 Mitigation Measures – Operations
7.10 Cost of EMP
7.11 Post Closure Environmental Monitoring Plan
7.11.1 Details of the Plan
7.12 Environmental Monitoring Plant-Cost
7.13 Additional Studies
7.14 Project Benefits
7.15 Summary and Conclusion
7.16 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER 8
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
8.1 Findings
8.2 Discussion
8.3 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUTION
9.1 Recommendations
9.2 Concluding Remark

References

APPENDIX-I : Typical ToR for Environmental Impact Assessment Moulvibazar for sanitary landfill under UGIIP-III of LGED

APPENDIX-II: Compliance of ToR Issued by DoE

APPENDIX-III: Questionnaire for Data Collection

APPENDIX-IV: KII or/and FGD Guidelines

APPENDIX-V: Laboratory Test Report

APPENDIX-VI: Attendance Sheet for FGD

APPENDIX-VII: Some Photographs

APPENDIX-VIII: Approved Research Proposal

APPENDIX-IX: Data Analysis by Excel Sheet

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I like to thank Khan Ferdousour Rahman, Assistant Professor and the head of the Department of Environmental Science from the State University of Bangladesh for his kind support in designing the overall EIA study. Besides, his time to time suggestions, advice and untiring efforts encourage me in preparing this study report.

I am grateful to Mayor, Md. Fazlur Rahman and Executive Engineer Mr. Abul Hosain Khan of Moulavibazar municipality and also all other concerned officers of the municipality for their efficient efforts for organizing visits, interview and FGD discussions. I also extend my gratitude to them for supporting field level activities and also for maintaining functional coordination with the stakeholders and the local people for successful completion of the field works.

I like to give thanks to other teachers and the Librarian of the State University and LGED officials for their solicit and unselfish cooperation in preparing the report, discussions and also for their thoughtful suggestions and feedback for improvement of approaches and methodologies and preparation of the paper.

I would like to express my profound and sincere appreciation for my all colleagues and students of the Master in Environmental Science, State University of Bangladesh for their positive reception and unstinted cooperation for designing the approaches and methodologies of the study and extending support for preparation of the Paper.

I hope that, the approaches and methodologies of the study and its analytical findings will offer some unique features of "Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction of Sanitary Landfill at Moulvibazar" in Bangladesh. The findings and the lessons learnt will also help to share important information for environmental impact during construction period and operational phase of landfill construction in Moulvibazar municipal area which will also improve the overall environment of Moulvibazar municipality.

With Regards

(Abu Yousuf Muhammad Hasibul Islam)

Department of Environmental Science

State University of Bangladesh

Acronym and Abbreviations

Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten

ABSTRACT

The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has undertaken the "Third Urban Governance and Infrastructure Improvement (Sector) Project" (UGIIP-III) with financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) (ADB LOAN NR: 3142 BAN (SF) /1626 P OFID) and OFID to improve governance and urban service provision in 31 municipalities. Among 31 municipalities, the Moulvibazar is one of them, which has been proposed for construction of a sanitary landfill to improve SWMS including improving of other urban facilities under the project. This EIA defines the area where the project site is located and environmental and socio-economic baseline data is provided for this area. It provides an assessment of likely environmental impacts that may be the result of project activities as well as mitigation measures to be taken to minimize these impacts. These mitigation measures and the monitoring program, prepared for the assessment of the environmental performance of the project, are presented in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). As for the protection of fauna species, a biologist will relocate the bird nests outside the project site with the support of the local municipality. As a result of quantitative assessment of dust and noise to be generated during construction and operational phases, it has been determined that there will be no adverse impacts of dust and noise on the people living in the nearest settlement, i.e. Jagannath Pur village. Nevertheless, measures will be taken in order to reduce dust emissions. These measures include careful handling of excavated material and watering of roads in dry and windy weather conditions. Also, there will be a limitation on truck speed (i.e. 30 km/h of maximum speed) for unpaved roads. During the construction phase there will be monthly dust and noise measurements in the Jagannath Pur village in order to monitor the actual impacts of the project activities. Monitoring of noise will continue in the operational phase, according to complaints from the public in the nearest settlement. In addition to this, dust and odor will be monitored by qualitative assessment that will be conducted through interviewing local people. As per the general waste management procedures to be followed during construction and operational phases of the project, domestic solid wastes will be disposed of in the current dump site (adjacent to the proposed) until the landfill will be operational. In the operational phase, solid wastes will be disposed of in the landfill

List of Tables

Table 3.1 : Evaluation of the landfill area on basis of location criteria

Table 3.2 : The sample survey areas and No. of household survey Ward No-4

Table 3.3 : Summary table of data collection instrument

Table 3.4 : Showing the respondents age group

Table 3.5 : Personal knowledge on the major issue currently affecting the Moulvibazar's natural environment

Table 3.6 : Showing the willingness to paticipate in waste minimization

Table 3.7 : location of stakeholder consultation meeting

Table 3.8 : Community concern and suggested solution

Table 4.1 : Typical MSW charcteristics in Bangladesh

Table 5.1 : Monthly minimum and maximum temperature in Moulvibazar area

Table 5.2 : Monthly rainfall data in Moulvibazar area

Table 5.3 : Monthly wind speed data in Moulvibazar area

Table 6.1 : Impact identification matrix

Table 6.2 : Impact prediction criteria

Table 6.3 : Criteria for significant impact

Table 6.4 : Impact and mitigation measure during design phase

Table 6.5 : Estimated total emission from construction equipment

Table 6.6 : Construction equipment noise levels

Table 6.7 : Low, medium and high impact intensity during construction and operation phase

Table 7.1: Control of fugitive and point source emissions

Table 7.2: Control of noise and vibration

Table 7.3: Prevention and control of soil quality impacts

Table 7.4: Prevention and control of surface water quality impact

Table 7.5: Prevention and control of ground water quality impacts

Table 7.6: Suggestive list of the species for dust pollution abatement

Table 7.7: Cost estimates for environmental management plan

Table 7.8: Sampling specifications for environmental monitoring

Table 7.9: Quality of treated leachate

Table 7.10: Standards of surface water usable for irrigation monitoring

Table 7.11: Standards for drinking water monitoring

Table 7.12: Ambient air quality standards for residential and rural

Table 7.13: Cost estimates for environmental monitoring

Table of Figures

Figure 2.1 : Marketing chain of compost

Figure 3.1 : Showing the steps in EIA process

Figure 3.2 : Map showing the Moulvibazar district

Figure 3.3 : Existing and proposed landfill Google Earth Map

Figure 3.4 : Sitting of proposed and existing landfill site

Figure 3.5 : Showing the gender percentage participating in the interview

Figure 3.6 : Showing the income range of the respondents

Figure 3.7 : Showing the percentage of knowledge over the natural environment

Figure 3.8 : Showing the system of household stores the garbage

Figure 3.9 : Showing the percentage of waste segregation status

Figure 3.1 : Solid Waste Management attitude scale

Figure 4.1 : Marketing flow chart of compost in Bangladesh

Figure 4.2 : Plan of Moulvibazar landfill

Figure 4.3 : Sectional views of Moulvibazar landfill

Figure 7.1 : Organizational set-up for environmental monitoring plan

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Government of Bangladesh through the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operative has proposed to implement the project to improve urban infrastructure in 31 secondary towns.The proposed ADB-assisted project is known as the "Third Urban Governance and Infrastructure improvement Project" (UGIIP-III). The key objectives of the project are improvement of infrastructure and service delivery at the municipal level and improvement of governance.

The components of sub-project are;

- Improvement of Municipal Transportation System
- Improvement of Drainage System
- Improvement of Solid Waste Management System
- Improvement of Sanitation
- Improvement of Municipal Facility

Project towns are pre-selected 31 towns to be supported in an integrated manner under the project. The UGIIP III outputs are:

- Municipal infrastructure improved and made gender- and climate-responsive (Output 1);
- Improved capacity of Municipalities in urban service delivery, planning and financial management (Output 2);
- Project management and administration system in place (Output 3).

The Moulvibazar municipality has given the priority to the improvement of its solid waste management in its Municipal Development Plan (PDP) in order to benefit from the environmental point of view. The schemes proposed under the package were selected as priorities through wide participation by the municipal residents, following subproject selection criteria and listed in the PDP. Solid waste management in Moulvibazar municipality is through traditional method consisting of collection, transportation and dumping of waste in the uncontrolled dumping site. Although, community-based solid waste management system is absent in the municipal area, municipal authority introduced door-to-door waste collection with their own initiative. Households, commercial, institutional wastes and others are piled up in the secondary storage points such as dustbins or open spaces for municipal collection. Rag pickers collect E-waste dumped over the scatter area. The municipal authority collects waste from these designated points. In addition, wastes from the markets and from institutions, etc. are also collected by the municipal authority. Agricultural and livestock wastes are of considerable quantity need to get attention as well. Improvement of environment in the target municipalities by improving solid waste management system is one of the key components of the project. The improvement of Moulvibazar sanitary landfill is one of the sub-projects that have been selected under the project.

As mentioned before, the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperative is the national executing agency for the proposed project through the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) is responsible for overall technical supervision and execution of all subprojects funded under the investment program. Project Director and being assisted by Management Design & Supervision Consultant (MDSC) consortium who is designing the infrastructure, managing the tendering of contracts, and will supervise the construction works headed by the LGED, SMEC is the lead consultant of the consortium. The solid waste management component is being implemented under this program in Moulvibazar. It includes improvement in the primary collection system, secondary collection system, procurement of bins and various vehicles, development of a composting facility (3 TPD), fecal sludge treatment plant and medical waste treatment facility with a new sanitary landfill. The total site obtained from acquisition of private land has an overall area of 1.17 acres and existing 3.00 acres.

1.2 Problem Statement

Solid waste is one of the most visible and pressing urban environmental problems in Moulvibazar. Urbanization, demographic growth and economic development all contribute to the generation of wastes, which the municipality is hardly addressed with their limited resources such as manpower, equipment and budgets. In addition, lack of proper disposal ground is another big problem for the municipality. Waste collection is done in two ways: community bin service and door-to-door collection service. Community bins are located on the streets for direct use by residents and commercial/institutional generators. Another big problem of SWM in the Moulvibazar is the reluctance of the participation of community people in coordination with the municipality to introduce door-to-door waste collection system. This requires a paying of least amount of service charge to meet the costs of the service. Poor management of wastes is affecting the population of Moulvibazar. In Moulvibazar municipalities, the empirical management of urban cleaning services without technical, economic, and social standards leads to poor service planning and organization. As a consequence, public cleaning entails high operating costs that municipalities are forced to subsidize, allocating a substantial part of their budget for this purpose.

The result is that most cleaning services are in permanent economic shortfall. Besides, due to lack of resources, interest or technical knowledge, refuse is inappropriately disposed of either inside or outside urban areas, creating scattered open dumps that constitute, inter alia, a social problem and a threat to public health. Scavengers who sort and sell wastes from open dumps are a social problem since they work under precarious and risky conditions. These open dumps are a threat to public health because in addition to bad odors and aesthetic problem, are a breeding site for flies, rats, and other disease vectors, as well as a source of air pollution and contamination of surface and ground waters ( PPTA UGIIP-III, 2014)

The Moulvibazr, being a haour area is prone to multiple flash flooding. Along this annual flooding due to excessive rainfall and poor drainage systems has recently been devastating. Soil condition is very terrible in the Moulvibazar as the depth of organic soil is up to 10.5 meters from the base of the landfill. Another big difficulty is the lower depth of the water table. Water logging is common in and around the municipal area. Rapid population growth and intensification of human activities are the main contributor to an increase risk of current solid waste management practices.

Collection of waste from the secondary storage point is located in the different parts of the town to the disposal site is done by the municipality by collection trucks. During this collection route, the recyclable materials are collected by the waste pickers and selling them to recyclable buyers. These secondary disposal points are on a roadside or open lands either owned by municipal authority or sometimes private lands. The municipal authorit is using these secondary storage points without taking care of health and environmental safeguard of the city dwellers.

Lack of manpower and logistic for efficient SWM is one of the major problems. Besides, knowledge over modern SWM technique is absent and there is no plan for a training program to improve this capacity. Solid waste in the existing landfill is not properly compacted and leveled and huge wastes are piling over a limited space on the landfill. There is no protection like fence for the landfill for which scavengers are always discovering recyclable materials from the dumped waste in an unhygienic manner. The crude dumping at the existing landfill is polluting the ground water and also affecting the esthetic view of the surrounding. Air is polluted, as there is no control over the methane gas venting system.

1.3 Objective of the Report

This EIA report presents the existing baseline scenario and the results from the assessment and evaluation of the environmental impacts that may arise during the construction and operational phase of the proposed project. Following impact prediction, the requirement for mitigation measures to address any unacceptable environmental impacts are presented. This report also highlights the Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) considered necessary during the different phases.

1.3.1 Broader Objectives

The main objective of the study is to provide decision makers with an account of the implications of proposed courses of actions about the possible Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and its mitigation techniques before a decision is made for the construction of a sanitary landfill in the Moulvibazar town.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for this study as detailed are as follows:

1) Ensure that all environmental concerns are fully accounted in consideration of detailed design and construction specifications of the project.
2) Preparation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project and ensure that the project is environmentally sound and sustainable through implementation of the EMP during the pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the project.

1.4 Rationale of Study

When people think about landfills, the mind doesn’t paint an appealing picture. However, while landfills aren’t aesthetically pleasing, there are numerous benefits to landfills, many of them environmental. For control sanitary landfill there will be no impact on environment for solid waste management activity which will ultimately improve the health condition of urban people. The waste products of landfills can be used as direct fuel for combustion or indirectly they can be processed into another fuel. The rationales for the undertaking sanitary landfill project are many out of which some are summarized below;

- Landfill is a specific location for waste deposition that can be monitored
- On completion of landfill it can be reclaimed and it can be used as a park or farming land.
- In properly design landfills the waste can be processed and all recyclable materials can be used before closing
- Organic material can also be separated from properly design landfill, which can be used for compost or production of natural gas.
- The landfill that is properly managed can capture the natural gas or methane that is produced underground decomposing material.

The rationale of the project will be realized primarily at the level of the national economy in terms of some short terms employment and business opportunities during the construction phase. After completion of the project, the overall environmental situation, including the improvement of air and water quality will be improved in the Municipal area which is now deteriorating due crude dumping of MW. The benefits of the project will help Municipal authority to undertake the program of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for Moulvibazar municipality.

The current SWM system in Moulvibazar municipality is unsatisfactory to the urban people. So, it is expected that implementation of the proposed project will ensure quality SWM system as well as reduce the environmental adverse effect. The improved SWM system will in the end influence the growth of the economy of the area. In Moulvibazar, demographic growth, industrial development, urbanization, and other processes and consequences of economic development are producing a significant increase in the quantity and variety of solid waste that is being generated by the population of this urban area. But lack of proper disposal ground poses a great problem to coup this huge generated waste. This problem could be minimized if properly run controlled landfill is introduced.

The design states that approximately 5601 tonnes of municipal solid waste would be handled by the proposed facility annually. Even assuming no increase in per capita waste generation, this amount is predicted to accumulated grow upto 65,537.00 tonnes by the year 2026 due to population increase and economic growth.

The existing Moulvibazar landfill, which serves the town, is nearing capacity. The existing landfill is not designed to modern environmental standards for which this is experiencing environmental problems.

The Moulvibazar proposed landfill facility would serve the town for a minimum of seven years. Some aspects of the strategy, including waste reduction and recycling, are still being examined. Waste collection would be provided to all residents of the town on behalf of the Moulvibazar municipality that would operate the facility. The landfill site would serve an estimated 10840 households in 9 (nine) wards (BBS 2011). It has been reported that in the short term, the alternative to the project would likely be extending the life of the existing site, thereby creating additional environmental problems at this site.

The Moulvibazar municipality examined several options, some of which include combining a solid waste management system with a maximized recycling facility. These options are still under study.

1.5 Limitations of the Study

A EIA is generally carried out together with the feasibility study before going into the final design and the construction phase of a development project. This is done so that the findings of the EIA could be incorporated into the project planning & design, and the project could be implemented accordingly. However, there are several limitations of the study:

- Allocated time is not adequate
- Manpower is not adequate
- There is no transport support
- Lack of technical staff
- There is no budgetary support

1.6 Importance of the Project

The present solid waste infrastructure and practices in Moulvibazar town is inadequate for the needs of the growing population. The Moulavibazar municipality consists of 9 wards with 10.16 sqm of an area. On the whole the town lacks an integrated approach to solid waste management. Hence, there is a need to upgrade the existing SWM services to make it scientific and more efficient. The upgraded project would provide a long term (till 2026) solution to the problem of solid waste management in Moulvibazar by way of modernizing the system through scientific segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal facility.

1.7 Scope of EIA Study

The EIA study for the proposed project was carried out with the purpose of understanding the baseline environmental conditions of the project site and its surroundings; assessing the nature and extent of potential environmental impacts that can occur due to construction and operation of the project; and recommending management measures to prevent or mitigate the potential impacts. The scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study and has included the following:

1) Establishing the baseline conditions of environmental parameters in the area such as meteorology, ambient air quality, ambient noise levels, surface and groundwater quality, soil quality and ecology;
2) Establishing the positive/beneficial impacts of the project in the current scenario of MSW management in the study area
3) Establishing the design measures for protecting the soil, surface water and groundwater from contamination; for controlling noise and vibration generated from operating machines and equipments;
4) Identifying the impacts of the project on the environmental and socio-economic environment in the project area;
5) Formulating and Environment Management Plan for management of potential adverse impacts; and

DoE have laid down the scope of the work in the ToR issued. The details of the same and the fulfillment of compliance have been given in the later part of the report. (Appendix-II)

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was prepared for the sanitary landfill for the Moulvibazar municipalities of Moulvibazar district at the sylhet division of Bangladesh. Preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the construction of a sanitary landfill at the Jagannth Pur site of the Moulvibazar municipality was requested by the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) for Public Procurement of the Government of Bangladesh. This EIA also fulfills the Asian Development Bank's requirements for safeguards documentation under its operational policy on environmental assessments. The Jagannath Pur site in the municipality of Moulvibazar was chosen for the construction of a sanitary landfill that would best suit this purpose.

1.8 Requirement of EIA

According to the DoE classification, the construction of sanitary landfill falls under the Red Category of project projects will require prior Environmental Clearance. So needs to be carried out an IEE study followed by EIA study. The proposed project is required to obtain environmental clearance from the Department of Environmental based on approved ToR prepared by MDS Consultant. The approved ToR is provided in Appendix-1 for the study. The EIA study report presents the existing baseline scenario and the results from the assessment and evaluation of the environmental impacts that may arise during the construction and operational phase of the proposed SWM sub-project at Moulvibazar. Following impact prediction, the requirement for mitigation measures to address any unacceptable environmental impacts are presented. This study will also highlight the Environmental Monitoring Program considered to be necessary during the different phases.

1.9 Chapter Summary

The Government of Bangladesh through its implementing agency LGED has undertaken project name UGIIP-III in 31 municipalities. The Moulvibazar has been selected among one of the 31 municipalities. Municipal authority of Moulvibazar has proposed to develop a new sanitary landfill under the project with its other urban infrastructures. The project is financed by ADB.

The current practice of SWM at Moulvibazar is a traditional method which involves collection, transportation and dumping of waste in the uncontrolled dumping site. Organic and inorganic wastes are mixed up in the household level and there is no initiative from the municipality for source segregation, which results in the increase of waste day by day to the landfill. The municipal authority has a no plan for improving the situation, even there were no awareness campaign to motivate the people so far.

Improvement of environment in the target Municipalities by improving solid waste management system is one of the key components of the project. The improvement of Moulvibazar sanitary landfill is one of the sub-projects that have been selected under the project. According to the DoE classification, the construction of sanitary landfill falls under the Red Category of project. So needs to be carried out an IEE study followed by EIA study. The EIA study report presents the existing baseline scenario and the results from the assessment and evaluation of the environmental impacts that may arise during the construction and operational phase of the proposed SWM sub-project at Moulvibazar. Following impact prediction, the requirement for mitigation measures to address any unacceptable environmental impacts are presented. This study will also highlight the Environmental Monitoring Program considered to be necessary during the different phases.

For construction a sanitary landfill undertaking a comprehensive Environmental Impact assessment ( EIA) to avoid and minimize the likely adverse impact on the environmental and propose an Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

People don't accept landfill within the jurisdiction of their area. However, while landfills aren’t aesthetically pleasing; there are numerous benefits to landfills, many of them environmental. The rationales for the undertaking sanitary landfill project are many. Landfill is a specific location for waste deposition that can be monitored. On completion of the landfill, it can be reclaimed and it can be used as parks or farming land. In properly designed landfills the waste can be processed and all recyclable materials can be used before closing. Organic material can also be separated from a properly designed landfill, which can be used for compost or production of natural gas. The landfills that are properly managed can capture the natural gas or methane that is produced by the underground decomposing material.

The national economy in terms of some short terms employment and business opportunities during the construction phase will improve primarily. The overall environmental situation will improve in the municipal area. The environmental condition is now deteriorating due to crude dumping of MW.

Generally, feasibility study and EIA are carried out together before starting the final design and the construction phase of a development project. The reasons for doing this is due to incorporating EIA finding in the project planning and design phase even several limitations of the study like time, manpower, transport, and finance are exist.

CHAPTER 2

THE LITERATURE

2.1 Literature Review

2.1.1 Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System for Landfill Site Selection

Sumathi et al., (2007) carried out a study on the sitting of a new landfill in the Pondichery region using a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and overlay analysis using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Water supply resources, sensitive sites, land use, air quality, groundwater quality and geology are the several factors considered in the sitting process. Depending upon their relative importance, the weightings were assigned to each criterion. A set of 17 potential sites was identified in the first level of analysis while subsequent screening and refinement based on existing microscopic factors led to the optimized selection of the 3 most suitable sites for landfill construction. The system of selecting a landfill site by MCDA is most accurate and highly technical. In Bangladesh context, system is costly because of land crisis.

Rahman et al., (2008) carried out a study on the identification of suitable sites for urban solid waste disposal, using a GIS approach in Khulna city. Location of disposal sites of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) represents the unconsciousness about the environmental and public health hazards arising from disposing of waste in improper location. Based on the criteria such as drainage, water bodies, soil, land characteristics and population, disposal sites were classified as highly suitable, moderately suitable and less suitable. To gain the prime objectives of the research work the suitability of the sites was classified on the basis of different criteria as less suitable, moderately suitable and highly suitable. For highly suitable sites, the criteria such as distant 100m from drainage, 200 m from any water body, 200 m from the hotel, market and shopping centers etc., 500 m from the bank, 200 m from socio-cultural institutions, 1 km from educational institutions, health facilities and administrative offices were considered.

2.1.2 Ground Water Assessment Study

A detailed study has been carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS) to understand the spatial variability of surface water and groundwater quality in Erode City by Rajkumaret al., (2011). Forty three groundwater samples and seven surface water samples were collected during February, 2009 and they were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Hardness, Na+, K+, Ca[2]+,Mg[2]+,Cl-,HCO3-,CO3[2]-,SO4[2]-,NO3, and F. The concentrations of physical and chemical constituents in the water samples were compared with the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards to find the suitability of water for drinking.

The water quality parameters were exceeded the permissible limits for drinking at many locations led to unsuitable for drinking. The groundwater quality spatial variation parameters were also plotted using GIS and found that only at four locations, the chloride concentrations were found to exceed the permissible limits during February 2009.

2.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Site Selection

Irtwange and Sha (2009) in Nigeria assessed the potential environmental impacts and measures for mitigation were preferred. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Integrated Waste Treatment Facility (IWTF) was conducted through multidisciplinary assessment of the baseline status of the site-specific environment using standard methods for EIA. An Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) was conducted based on environmental and economic values and an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) were formulated. The project was economically, commercially, technically, managerially and environmentally sustainable.

The EIA has provided all necessary information and evidence required by the regulators of environment to develop an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the IWTF for Makurdi. Ameliorative measures were preferred for the significant potential environmental impacts, most of which were recommended for incorporation in the design and layout of the entire study. A field survey was carried out to determine the waste generation profiles in parts of the Makurdi urban area that made the Pilot Project Area (PPA) indicated that the bulk (82%) of the solid waste generated in the PPA originates from households rather than from commercial, institutional or industrial premises.

Adefemi and Awokunmi (2009) examined the effects of municipal solid waste disposal in Ado metropolis, with a view of creating environmental awareness for both the government and the public about the status of various dump sites in the metropolis. Continuous and effective monitoring of some heavy metals to source and distribution in the environment is highly necessary. Soil samples from four public waste dump sites (three samples from each location at 10 m interval) and plant sample (root and leave) from the Igbaletere dump site were analyzed for heavy metals such as Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Co, Zn and Ni. High concentrations of Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Zn were found in the soil samples collected at the center of the landfill site. Plant sample is the ability of plants to take up metals either as mobile ions presented in the soil solution through the roots or through foliar absorption. The high correlation (0.9985) of the metals examined in the soils and plants from the Igbalatere dump site indicated similarities in the origin of the metals. The studies have shown that the heavy metal is hazardous at high concentration, looking at the concentration of the heavy metals in the soil and plant samples. The soil and plant will constitute a serious threat to the health of people living around such areas and can be controlled by adopting a good waste management approach to the waste disposal.

2.1.4 Waste Processing and Solid Waste Management

Das and Mahanta (2011) studied the solid waste disposal habit in different types of residential area and estimated the expected probability of willingness to pay in different types of residential areas if door-to-door solid waste collection service is provided. In the last few years the problem of solid waste has raised its ugly heads in the city of Guwahati. Total MSW generated per day varies between 350-500 metric tonnes of which 53.69 percent is compostable and 23.28 percent is recyclable.

Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC) is assigned for institutional responsibility of solid waste disposal system. The GMC is neither providing door-to-door solid waste collection services, nor supplying an adequate number of dustbins in the city. MSW disposal system in the city was not up to the mark. Systematic collection, proper transportation and adequate disposal systems are not followed in the city. Door-to-door waste collection service requires a master plan and huge amount of resources. Private agency or PPP is one of the best alternatives suggested.

Shukti et al., (2011) discussed the available methods of environmental quality assessment and of characterize air, soil, noise and groundwater pollution in sufficient detail to facilitate proper site management. The need of environmental quality assessment is to assure that concentrations of specific contaminants resulting from hazardous waste site will not exceed the acceptable levels for protection public health and the ecosystem. Four sites were selected for sampling and air, soil, ground water parameters and noise were analysed.

The Soil parameters viz., pH, Electrical Conductivity and Metals were analysed. The Water parameter viz., pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sulphates, Nitrates, Alkalinity, Hardness and Chlorides were analysed and noise quality was monitored at the sites. Detailed analysis of soil, ground water and air is concluded that all the analytical parameters are within the prescribed limit.

For the baseline year of 1974, MSW management consisted of limited recycling and combustion without energy recovery and land filling without gas collection or control with data for 1980, 1990 and 1997, accounting for changes in composition, MSW quantity, management practices and technology. The results shown that the MSW management procedure adopted by U.S. communities has significantly reduced potential GHG (Geen House Gas) emissions despite an almost twofold increase in solid waste generation. GHG emissions from MSW management were estimated to be 36 Million Metric Tons Carbon Equivalents (MMTCE) in 1974 and 8 MMTCE in 1997.

2.1.5 Optimization Techniques in Solid Waste Management

Laxmi and Nagarnaik (2011) presented a novel technique for treatment of biodegradable waste (which forms a major part of MSW). It involved the processing of biodegradable waste by thermal process in presence of catalyst at high temperature to give liquid fertilizer and coke as a product. This technology has a definite goal of exploiting the commercial aspects of two universal problems, i.e. problem of managing the biodegradable waste in the municipal solid waste and overcoming the fuel shortage indigenous. This process utilized all the waste and converts it into a useful liquid product having fertilizer, pesticide and insecticidal properties along with coke as a solid product. It is found that 1000 tones of biodegradable waste are treated by this process, about 750 tones of Liquid Fertilizer and 150 tones of coke having an energy potential of 12 MW was obtained.

2.2 Reviews of Institutional and Legislative Framework

An attempt has been made to review some existing available literature broadly described with sub-project area.

2.2.1 The Environmental Conservation Act 1995 (Amended 2010)

The Environmental Conservation Act was passed by the Parliament in 1995 and came into enforcing in June 1995. The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act 1995 is the parent Act for environmental issues including SWM. This Act identifies the need for controlling the discharge, disposal and dumping of solid and other types of waste, which may cause harmful change to the environment. It lays the basis for “polluters pay” principle by which the originator of the pollution must pay for its mitigation. It further states that the government may formulate and publish environmental guidelines for control and mitigation of environmental pollution, conservation and improvement of the environment. It also allows the government to make necessary Rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act including SWM. This conservation rule further amended in 2010. The salient features of the act are as below;

- Definition of the term environment, environmental pollution, hazardous substances, pollution, waste and rule etc.
- Power and function of Director General.
- Assistance from law and enforcing agencies and other authorities.
- Power for declaration of ecologically critical area.
- Restriction regarding vehicles emitting smoke injurious to the environment.
- Restriction on manufacture, sale etc. of articles injurious to environment.
- Remedial measures for injury to ecosystem
- Discharges of exclusive environmental pollution.
- Power to collect sample
- Provision of Environmental Clearance Certificate.
- Formation of Environmental Guidelines
- Regulation of environmental activities from environmental context
- Promulgation of standards for quality of air, water, noise and soils for different areas and different purpose.
- Promulgation of a Climate Change acceptable limits for discharging and emitting waste.

2.2.2 Environmental Conservation Rule 1997

In a view to implementing the environmental Conservation Act 1995, the Government of Bangladesh has framed rules named "Environmental Conservation Rules 1997". The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules 1997 specifies the disposal standard, which guides the landfill operation and composting practice. The Environmental Conservation Rule has suggested a number of instruments as below.

- Procedure for issuing Environmental Clearance Certificate
- In consideration of the site and impact on the environment the industrial units and project has been classified into four categories such as i) Green ii) Orange -A iii) Orange-B, and iv) Red
- The validity period for Green category Industry and Project is 3 years and for Orange and Red Category is one year.
- Environmental Clearance Certificate is renewable and has to renew at least thirty days before expiry of its validity period.
- Provision for appeal to the Appellate Authority.
- Procedure of hearing appeals
- Determination of Environmental Standards
- Determination of Standard for discharge and emission of waste.

2.2.3 GoB National Policy

According to the Environmental Conservation Rule, 1997 the purpose of issuance of Environmental Clearance Certificate, the industrial unit and the project shall, in consideration of their site and impact on the environment, be classified into the following categories;

(a) Green: Green list project are those with positive environmental impacts or negligible negative impacts. Clearance for these are obtained on the basis of project description, initial screening and " No Objection Certificate" (NOC) by a local authority.
(b) Orange-A: Orange A list projects are those with minor and mostly temporary environmental impacts for which there are standard mitigation measures. Application for DoE's environmental clearance requires general information, a feasibility report, a process flow diagram and schematic diagrams of facilities, environmental screening form, NOC form the local authority.
(c) Orange-B: Orange -B list projects are those with moderately significant environmental impacts for which mitigation measures are easily identified. These require Environmental Clearance Certificate from DoE's, for which an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report, Environmental management Plan (EMP), along with the information and papers specified for Category-A projects.
(d) Red: Red list projects are those which may cause 'significant adverse' environmental impacts. They require IEE report to obtain the Site Clearance Certificate, and subsequently a full EIA report for ECC, along with the information required for other category.

2.2.4 National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation 1998

The National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation 1998 states that measures should be taken for recycling of waste as much as possible, and organic waste should be used for compost and biogas generation. It requires the adoption of necessary measures to prevent ground and surface water contamination by solid waste. Therefore, it encourages engineered landfills with proper lining and leachate treatment. It places the responsibility of solid waste collection, disposal and management on city corporations and municipalities. It, however, states that city corporations and municipalities may transfer, where feasible, the responsibility to the private sector. It therefore clearly encourages private sector participation in SWM services.

2.2.5 Urban Management Policy Statement 1998 & National Urban Sector Policy 2006

The Urban Management Policy Statement 1998 recommends private sector participation in SWM and recycling activities. The National Urban Sector Policy 2006 emphasizes that public utilities should increasingly recover costs from their customers so that they may extend their coverage and reduce the burden on municipal budgets. Cost recovery should be enhanced by improved monitoring and enforcement, and by rationalizing tariff. It also states that there should be government support for recycling by imposing user fees for waste disposal, encouraging composting, and formalizing the function of scavengers. These are meant to reduce the cost of processing solid waste. It proposes the adoption of public-private partnership (PPP) for providing urban environmental services, and recommends the inclusion of NGOs, CBOs, and the informal sector along with the formal sector.

2.2.6 The National Environmental Policy 1992

The Bangladesh Government approved the Bangladesh National Environmental Policy (GoB, 1992) in May , 1992 and set out the basic framework for environmental action, together with a set of broad sectoral action guidelines. Key elements of the policy are;

- Maintenance of the ecological balance and overall progress and development of the country through protection and improvement of the environment.
- Protection of the country from natural disasters
- Identifications and regulation of all types of activities that pollute and degrade the environment.
- Ensuring sustainable utilization of all natural resources
- Actively associates with the environmental related international initiatives.

The National Environmental Policy 1992 highlighted the restriction of using chemical fertilizers and pesticides that pollute the water body and destroys the eco-system, encouraging the use of organic fertilizers and promoting organic farming. It also discouraged the day time collection of waste from dustbins and transportation by open trucks and store in open places.

2.2.7 National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP)

The National Environmental Management Action Plan, also referred to as NEMAP (GoB, 1995) a wide-ranging and multi-faceted plan, which builds on and extends the statements set out in the National Environmental Policy, NEMAP was developed to address issues and management requirements during the period 1995 to 2005 and sets out the framework within which the recommendations of the National Conservation Strategy are to be implemented. In the National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP) 1995 waste reduction and recycling of wastes has been promoted and pilot projects on community based composting were undertaken in Dhaka and Khulna city as part of the Sustainable Environmental Management Programme (SEMP). In the Environmental Management Plan 2005, waste reduction and recycling has been given priority. EMAP has broad objective of;

- Identification of Key environmental issues affecting Bangladesh
- Identification of actions necessary to halt or reduce the rate of environmental degradation.
- Improvement of the natural and built environment
- Conservation of habitats and biodiversity;
- Promotion of sustainable development
- Improvement in the quality of life of the people

One of the key elements of NEMAP is that the sectoral environmental concerns are identified. In outline, the environmental issues of the industrial sectoral include the following;

Pollution arising from various industrial processes and plants throughout the country causing different degree of degradation of the receiving environment (air, water and land) appears.

- There is a general absence of pollution abatement regarding waste minimization and treatment.
- Low level of environmental awareness amongst industrial industrialists and entrepreneurs.
- Lack of technology appropriates to efficient use of resources and waste minimization.
- Leading to unnecessary pollution loading in the environment.
- Economic constraints on pollution abatement and waste minimization such as the cost of new technology, the competiveness of labour, and intensive production methods as compared to more modern methods
- The concentration of industry and hence pollution, in particular, areas that exacerbate localized environmental degradation and exceed the carrying capacity of the receiving bodies.
- Unplanned industrial development has resulted in several industries located within or close to residential areas, which adversely affects human health and quality of the human environment.
- Establishment of industries at the cost of good agricultural land and in the residential areas;
- Lack of intensives of industrialists to incorporate emission/discharge treatment plant in their industries.

2.2.8 National Solid Waste Management Handling Rules 2010 (Draft)

Following the provisions of the Environmental Conservation Act 1995, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) prepared a Draft National Solid Waste Management Handling Rules 2010. This document is yet to be ratified. The Rules include an extensive list of definitions covering all aspects of SWM. It clearly defines the objectives of SWM include:

- Ensuring the protection of public health and the environment;
- Promoting of environment-friendly and cost-effective SWM;
- Encouraging recycling, resource conservation and recovery.
- Encouraging private sector participation and citizen participation in SWM

The Rules clearly define the responsibilities of residents, municipal authorities and DoE. It encourages reduction of waste at the source, and also envisages segregation of biodegradable, non-biodegradable and hazardous waste at source to assist in recycling. It makes specific recommendations on every aspect of SWM including segregation of waste, collection, storage, transfer stations, transportation, processing, and the landfilling. It prohibits the use of open dumps of solid waste and gives some specifications for landfills. It also gives standards for waste processing, leachate quality, and compost. In addition, it includes some formats for application and approval of waste processing or operation of the disposal facility, monitoring and review, and accident reporting.

2.2.9 National 3R (Reduce, Reuse & Recycle) Strategy for Waste Management

A National 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) Strategy for Waste Management has been formulated in the year 2010. It sets the goal as higher levels of waste reduction, reuse and recycling and minimizing waste disposal in open dumps, rivers, flood plains and landfills by 2015. It recognizes waste as a resource and advocates for segregation of waste at source. The strategy encourages emission reducing technology and tapping the potential of CDM provisions. It promotes “polluters pay” principle. It supports the participation of the informal sector operators who are engaged in the recycling of various materials. To promote 3R principles, the strategy recommends raising public awareness, employing appropriate technology, setting up a 3R secretariat at DoE, involving all stakeholder groups, PPPs, funding through CDM, segregation and special treatment for hazardous waste. It also defines the roles of government agencies, citizens, private sector, NGOs and Media.

2.2.10 National Agriculture Policy 1999

In the National Agriculture Policy 1999, the promotion of compost and organic fertilizer has been emphasized amongst the farmers to improve the soil productivity and food security.

2.2.11 Fertilizer Act 2006 and Fertilizer Management Rules 2007

In the Fertilizer Act 2006 compost has been promoted and standard of compost has been set by the Government in 2008 by the provision of the Act. A Circular by Ministry of Agriculture has been issued on 23 April 2008 to promote use of compost amongst the farmers. The Fertilizer Management Rules 2007 has given emphasis on fertilizer quality management and standardization including the Integrated Nutrient Management in the soil both organic and inorganic matters.

2.2.12 National CDM strategy 2005

The National CDM strategy 2005 has been promoting pro-poor CDM projects on waste sector. It has encouraged the waste reduction and recycling project with emphasis on composting, which has potential for carbon credit in the developing countries like Bangladesh.

2.2.13 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

In the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and the Sixth Five Year Plan (FY2011-2015), for effective waste management segregation of waste at source along with the promotion of 3R (Reduce, Reuse & Recycle) has been targeted with given emphasis on the increased use of compost and farmyard manure for increasing soil fertility and agriculture productivity.

2.2.14 Private Sector Infrastructure Guideline 2004

The Private Sector Infrastructure Guideline 2004 of the Government of Bangladesh has recommended private sector investment in waste management sector which includes all types of waste. It has also identified waste sector as one of the priority sector for private investment.

2.2.15 Private Sector Housing Development Guideline 2005

Private Sector Housing Development Guideline 2005 recommends keeping space in the new housing areas for waste management including waste recycling for composting and bio-gas generation.

2.2.16 Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009

In the Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009, management of urban waste has been put in the thematic area of Mitigation and Low Carbon Development as a major portion of urban waste is composed of organic materials which produce methane. Methane emission from urban waste may be controlled by organic waste recycling or capturing methane.

The policy and regulatory documents are highlighting the need of waste reduction and recycling in particular composting. The documents also recommended the use of organic fertilizer and promotion of balanced fertilizer use for the replenishment of soil fertility. The Policy documents such as National Environmental Policy 1992, National Policy for Water Supply and Sanitation 1998, National Agriculture Policy 1999 are the guiding documents to support the composting and compost use for increasing soil fertility. The National CDM strategy 2005 and National 3R strategy 2010 are also supportive to promote composting and thus reducing the GHGs emissions. The Fertilizer Act 2006 and Fertilizer Management Rules 2007 are working in favor of organic fertilizer and organic agriculture. The Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2009 and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper are also emphasized on taking waste management projects supporting the organic waste recycling. To promote organic waste recycling, Government of Bangladesh through the Ministry of Finance has allowed all waste treatment and recycling plants, including composting facilities, a tax holiday of 5-10 years. There is also no Value Added Tax (VAT) and Sales tax imposed on sales of compost. It also imposes less import (Custom) or exercise duties on relevant equipments.

Framing the Rules have undoubtedly paved the way for improving SWM services, but implementation of the Act and Rules need more clarity and detailed guidelines for municipal authorities to enable them in improving the SWM services. The municipalities are mandated to provide solid waste management services to the people by the Local Government (Pourashavas) Act 2009 which are very traditional and outmoded. In the Act, the waste reduction and recycling issues are not discussed. The supporting rules are not yet framed. In the rules, a guideline should be given to design and operate waste management facilities with due considerations in waste reduction and recycling. The Solid Waste Management Rule, which is long pending to be ratified need expedition. These documents bring out the technical assistance and support of the Government and would provide support to the municipal authorities in terms of finances, training and capacity building. A step-by step guidelines to implement the rules by municipal authorities need to be prepared and circulated to the municipal authorities and hand holding capacities and technical manpower need to be created to facilitate expeditious implementation thereunder. The policy and regulatory documents are supportive to waste recycling and composting to some extent on the ground. Based on the National 3R Strategy, Department of Environment has taken a 3R Pilot project which includes source-segregation at households and composting of organic wastes. Under the Climate Change Trust Fund of Government of Bangladesh, Department of Environment has taken a programmatic CDM project in 64 districts where organic wastes will be composted. In the first phase, four composting projects in Narayangonj, Mymensingh, Gazipur and Cox’s Bazar are being implemented. In response to the National 3R Strategy, six City Corporations under the Urban Public Environmental Health Sector Development Project (UPEHSDP) funded by ADB, composting plants (20 tons/day) will be constructed as part of the Integrated Waste Management Project. In the Urban Governance Infrastructure Improvement Project (UGIIP-III), in 30 municipalities composting projects (1 to 5 tons/day) will be constructed. Under UNICEF funded Environmental, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Water Supply Project in urban slums and fringes project, 11 compost plants have been constructed. In Baridhara residential area, with the technical support of Swiss Contact source segregation at the household and composting of organic waste initiative has been taken. In a European Union supported project SUNYA-Towards Zero Waste in South Asia, a pilot project has been taken of closing the loop of organic material by rotary composter, rooftop gardening and rainwater harvesting.

However, the demand and marketing part of compost has not yet created widely. There is a need of the co-ordination body among the Local Government, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Finance including the Private sectors such as the Bangladesh Fertilizer Association, Bangladesh Organic Products Manufacturing Association etc. for effective marketing and sale of the compost product. The following marketing map of compost will be worthwhile is shown in Figure 2.1.

Policy Environment

Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten

Figure 2.1 : Marketing chain of compost

2.2.17 ADB Environmental Safeguard Policies and Guidelines

ADB's environmental safeguards aim to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects and to support the integration of the environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. The Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) requires borrowers to identify project impacts and assess their significance; examine alternatives; and prepare, implement, and monitor Environmental Management Plans (EMP). The SPS requires borrowers to consult people likely to affected by the project and disclose relevant information in a timely mannered and, in a form and languages understandable to those being consultant. Followings are ADB's Safeguard Policies;

- Safeguards Policy Statement, 2009
- The SPS supersedes ADB's Involuntary Resettlement Policy (1995)
- Policy on Indigenous People (1998),and
- Environmental Policy (2002)
- The Environmental Assessment Guidelines of the ADB , 2003

2.2.18 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Policies

Safeguard Policy statement (2009). The policy of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) includes operational guideline that seeks to avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts, including protecting the rights of those likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process.

Three Safeguard policies. ADB's safeguard framework consists of three operational policies on Environment, Indigenous peoples, and Involuntary Resettlement. There are no indigenous peoples as defined by the policy affected by the project. The policies involve a structured process of impact assessment, planning, and mitigations to address the adverse effects of projects throughout the project cycle. The safeguard policies required that;

(i) Impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle;
(ii) Plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented; and that
(iii) Affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implemented.

Category A : The PMBP is classified as category A project. Which are projected with a potential for significant adverse environmental impact. An EIA including EMP is required to address significant impacts. The draft EIA report will be disclosed on ADB website for 120 days before board consideration.

Category B: The proposed project's potential adverse environmental impacts are site specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE), including an EMP, is required.

Category C: A proposed project is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. An EIA or IEE is not required, although environmental implications need to be reviewed.

Category F1: A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social management system unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities have minimal or no environmental impacts or risks.

2.3 Research Questions

The research will be carried out with a view to answering the following questions;

i.) What is the baseline?
ii) What are the sources of pollution of the environment during and after the construction of the sanitary landfill?
iii.) What are the likely adverse impacts on the environment due to the construction of the sanitary landfill?
iv.) How the environmental problems and impact could be managed?

2.4 Chapter Summary

Solid waste management is a neglected service in urban development. There is no legislative framework or rules for scientific management of municipal solid waste so far and it is left to the municipal authorities to manage their waste as they like. In 1995, Govt. of Bangladesh has promulgated Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act, 1995, but no rules on solid waste management have been framed under the said Act. During this period, the national policy for safe water supply and sanitation 1998 and Urban Management Policy 1998 have been declared. The aforesaid policies do not spell out the role of Government or municipal authorities as well as waste generators in managing Municipal solid wastes, but do cover some important aspect of SWM.

There were several literatures published on solid waste management, especially due to improper waste disposal and its impact on health and the environment. The lack of public awareness, good waste management knowledge and budget constrain combine the waste management problem awful. Some of the useful literatures were reviewed and tried to find the gap in these literatures. The solid waste management issues were addressed in context with a developed country where money and public awareness is not a limitation. In case of developing countries, waste management problems were not addressed in many literatures with a proper answer.

The existing literature on selection of appropriate sites for developing a landfill, criteria to be considered and the role of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) in selecting a disposal facility in different countries with different environmental settings was reviewed and the applicability of the above suggested methods in the earlier works for the site selection in the present study area were critically examined

Carbon emission rose significantly through sanitary landfill and incineration with the increase of the amount and carbon content of municipal solid waste. Future challenges include: (1) Effective waste minimization program implementation (2) Planned urban solid waste management and (3) improvement in data availability and methodology in monitoring the quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste.

Solid waste management using optimization technique gains considerable attention through the last few decades due to the limited availability of disposal sites as well as the recent environmental objective concerns. Various deterministic mathematical programming models have been applied for planning solid waste management systems. Some of those deterministic modeling techniques include Linear Programming (LP), Mixed Integer Programming (MIP), Dynamic Programming (DP), Gray Integer Programming (GIP), Fuzzy Interval Multi Objective Mixed Integer Programming (FIMOMIP), Goal Programming Techniques (GP), Fuzzy Multi Objective Nonlinear Integer Programming (FMNLP) and multi objective programming.

Land shortage for waste disposal was a problem in urban cities, especially as that of Bangladesh. The landfill space has projected an alarm locally due to the escalating amount of municipal waste, putting a pressure over the limited land supply and severe impacts towards the environment. According to local government, the remaining land suitable for landfill for dumping waste as derelict land is becoming scarce. Thus waste minimization was the way forward mentioned.

To determine the appropriate remedial strategies, it is obligatory to identify the problems and status of municipal solid waste management in Bangladesh. In recent studies, major difficulties were identified in MSW management in Bangladesh include MSW land, air, and water pollution, commingled collection, poor administration, shortage of funds, lack of facilities, and problems of training and public awareness. To solve these problems and to improve MSW management in Bangladesh, remedial strategies in three areas were recommended viz., Institutional reforms, Technology development, Legislation and Administrative improvement. Bangladesh must apply the advanced landfill technology in reference to international standards in landfill siting, design, construction, operation, closing and post closure management.

To reduce the cost of landfill construction, Bangladesh must develop its own technology for manufacturing liner materials, landfill gas collecting and utilizing equipment and land filling machines. The final solution suggested “polluter-pays” principle, MSW generators pay for everything.

CHAPTERT 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology of the Research

The EIA study is intended to assess the likely environmental impact due to the construction of sanitary landfill. The underlying fact would be revealed through collecting quantitative and qualitative data from different sources and field investigation. This study will generate primary and secondary data. Different literature, reports and the internet will be consulted for collecting secondary data. Secondary data will also be collected from different respective institutions. Primary data will be collected holding an interview with the local people and investigating the field. The four main sequential steps were undertaken to conduct the study and are shown below.

i). Document review

- Secondary documents collection
- Document review

ii). Methodology & Design of tools

- Selection of study area
- Methodology and tools development
- Sample size determination
- Quality control

iii). Field investigation & Data analysis

- Conduct Klls, FGD and VGD with relevant committee members
- Local community interview

iv). Report preparation

- Data entry
- Data processing
- Field findings analysis
- Preparation of conclusion and recommendations

The research methodology contains Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA), consultations, screening and field visits. It has been confirmed that the landfill considered under this subproject is located in an ecological sensitive area and will have significant impact and impact on the surrounding environment. As per Environmental Conservation Act, 1995, the subproject landfill is included in the Red Category and require the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA). The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been carried out, accordance with the requirement of the ADB's safeguard Policy Statement. The study methodology has been adopted in such a manner to ensure that environmental concerns are given adequate weight age in the selection of layout design of the proposed landfill.

EIA process consist of following steps

- Proposal identification
- Screening
- Initial Environmental Examination
- Scoping;
- Examination of alternatives;
- Impact analysis;
- Mitigation and impact management;
- EIA report;
- Review of EIA and decision making
- Implementation and follow up

The methodology used for this study is based on the relevant regulation of Bangladesh as well as ADB Guidelines. Scoping workshop and training program was organized at the beginning of the project preparation activities with the various stakeholders. Reconnaissance survey was taken up to collect baseline information in devised formats. Analysis of the collected data was carried out. Documentation of baseline conditions was done by doing on site environmental monitoring. The Environmental Assessment is based on the information collected from secondary as well as primary sources on various environmental attributes. Probable impact on different areas and its mitigation measures have been proposed. Monitoring of air, water, noise and soil quality was also carried out within the area and significant issues were examined during field survey to determine the magnitude of significant environmental impact. Different photographs have been taken for documentation. Various types of maps have been furnished to draw clear pictures about the environment, and possible changes happened due to project intervention. Data related to demographic and socio-economic condition has collected. This study has been generated many primary and secondary data that have been used for decision. Different literature, reports and the internet have been consulted for collecting secondary data. Secondary data also have been collected from the respective institutions. The primary data were captured by holding an interview with the local people and investigation of the field. All data, making from various sources has been checked meticulously. Finally, an Environmental Management Plant (EMP) has been prepared to mitigate the negative impact. The research will cover both basic applied research concepts. Steps in the generalized EIA process are shown in Figure 3.1.

Generalized EIA Process Flow Chart

For copyright reasons, this figure is not part of the publication.

Figure 3.1 : Showing the steps in EIA process

The EIA study will be designed considering the following steps;

1) Carry out a baseline evaluation to identify the present environmental conditions in the study area, on the basis of available data, field investigation and monitoring;
3) Predict the potential environmental impact caused by the project upon special study and simulation, incorporating the expert's opinions.
4) Evaluate the environmental impact caused by the project according to relevant laws, regulations, standards and the predicted results.
5) Put forward remedial measures, assess the residual impact and evaluate whether it meet the relevant policies and standards of the Department of Environment (DoE) of Bangaldesh.
6) Make environmental monitoring and audit working plan to evaluate the actual environmental impacts and the effectiveness of the remedial measures.

3.2 Study Area

The study place is Moulvibazar town under Sylhet division. The location of Sanitary Landfill is outside of the Muolvibazar municipal area under the administrative jurisdiction of Moulvibazar Sadar Upazila. The Moulvibazar is one of the oldest municipality in Bangladesh that was established in 1887. The Present population of Moulvibazar municipality is 56537 according to BBS 2011 with a total area 10.36 sqm. It is the town of retiree expatriate of Bangladesh. Rich, retired people from all over the world, especially from the United Kingdom, are settling down in Moulvibazar. Most have dual citizenship of Bangladesh and the United Kingdom. The Moulvibazar has many city attractions. The surrounding hills, River Manu, and Barry Lake, make the town more attractive. The important banks, insurance, investment companies have one or more of their branches in the town. The beautiful Madavkund waterfall is only 25 miles away. One daily and a few other Bengali news weekly are published on a regular basis.

The Moulvibazar district is in Sylhet, a district in the North-East of Bangladesh. It is 2,707 km² in the area, and has a population of 1.38 million. It is situated between 24.10 degree, 24.35 degrees north latitude and between 90.35 degrees and 91.20-degrees east longitude. It is surrounded by Sylhet District in the north, Habiganj District in the west and the Indian States of Assam and Tripura in the east and south respectively. In figure 3.2 is shown the map of Moulvibazar district. The proposed landfill area is situated at the village Jagannathpur under Mustapur union parished of Moulvibazar district, which is outside the municipal area. The district map of Moulvibazar the location of landfill on Google earth map is shown in Figure 3.2 and 3.3

For copyright reasons, this figure is not part of the publication.

Figure 3.2 : Map showing the Moulvibazar district

For copyright reasons, this figure is not part of the publication.

Figure 3.3 : Existing and proposed landfill Google Earth Map

3.2.1 Accessibility

The site is located about 4 km south of the Moulvibazar municipal office. The nearest road to the site is 25 m wide R & H road which connects Dhaka (at the southwest) with the landfill site Jagannath Pur village (at the north east). The other settlements near to the site are Lama Jagannath Pur and Asmer village are located on the northeast side and west side at a distance of 1.5 km and 1km respectively. There is a minor airport at shamsher Nagar more than 20 km from Moulvibazar.

3.2.2 Site Setting

As mentioned in the previous chapter, the site has been proposed to be in the private land near Jagannath Pur village having a distance of approximately 4 km from Moulvibazar municipality. The geographical setting of the site is as below:

East - On the eastern side of the proposed site R and H Dhaka-Moulvibazar road is located at a distance of approximately 0.80 km.

West - The Azmer village is at a distance of approximately 1 km from the site.

South - The southern side of the proposed site is surrounded by a number of villages namely Netasher etc, which are located at a distance of 10 km.

North - No villages are located at the northern side of the proposed landfill within a distance of 3 km.

The site setting map of the proposed landfill site is presented in Figure 3.4

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Figure 3.4 : Sitting of proposed and existing landfill site

3.2.3 Environmental Considerations for Sitting

The project site has been evaluated because of the location set by general criteria for landfill site selection, which comply with ECA, 2095 laid down by the Ministry of Environment and Forest. All the features as described in the criteria have been investigated for the chosen site, as shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 : Evaluation of the landfill area on basis of location criteria

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Source: CPHEEO

[...]

• College: State University of Bangladesh
• Grade: GPA 3.77
• Author: A Y M Hasibul Islam (Author)
• Publication Year: 2017
• Pages: 178
• Catalog Number: V942709
• ISBN (PDF): 9783346568311
• Language: English
• Tags: environmental, impact, assessment, construction, sanitary, landfill, moulvibazar, municipality