Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent l’évaluation non-destructive de structures métalliques. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à évaluer quantitativement un certain nombre de paramètres géométriques de structures multicouches, ainsi que la profondeur maximale de petites fissures à la surface de pièces conductrices, par la méthode des courants de Foucault (CF). Il s’agit de problèmes d’évaluation quantitative difficiles, en particulier dans le cas de structures multicouches.
La première difficulté dont il faut s’affranchir lorsque l’on veut résoudre un problème CF quantitatif, est de disposer de mesures suffisamment riches en information. Cette difficulté est liée au fait que les données expérimentales sont obtenues de manière non destructive, par l’extérieur de la structure, et en n’ayant généralement accès qu’à l’une de ses faces. Ceci constitue une contrainte qui limite naturellement les données que l’on peut collecter.
La seconde difficulté réside dans le fait que généralement, les grandeurs que l’on cherche à déterminer résultent de la résolution d’un problème inverse qui fait intervenir les données CF fournies par le capteur, et un modèle d’interactions entre le capteur et la structure cible. Dans le cas général, il est nécessaire de faire appel à des modèles numériques avancés, et la résolution du problème inverse est un problème « mal posé » qui éventuellement n’admet pas de solution. Pour pallier ce problème, une solution consiste à enrichir les données mesurées, par exemple en effectuant non pas une mesure ponctuelle mais en constituant une image relativement résolue de la zone inspectée, ou encore en multipliant le nombre de fréquences des CF et à adopter un modèle d’interaction simplifié, valable éventuellement dans un domaine réduit.
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