Family planning is defined as the use of various methods of fertility control that will help individuals or couples to have the number of children they desire and at a planned time interval in order to ascertain the well-being of the children, parents and communities at large Different gender norms in the community were obstacles for family planning utilization in the community. Those gender norms directly or by complement with each other acts as the barriers of FP utilizations. Decision making power of men/husbands on family planning (needs for his consent by women/wives), seeing children as social prestige due to cultural beliefs, low status of women in community, undermining knowledge of women, limiting responsibility of women/wives to home, dominance of men/husbands on households, etc are affecting directly or by complement with each other the family planning decision making among Married couples.
Objective: To explore the influence of gender norms on family planning decision- making among married couples, in Jeldu Woreda rural Kebeles, west Shewa 2012/13.
Methods: A Qualitative study with grounded theory design was employed. Data collection was done using a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions. The methods employed were in-depth interview and focus group discussions.
Data analysis was begun with transcription. Transcripts were coded using Atlas.ti-7 Software using thematic analysis.
Recommendation: HEWs, woreda women’s and children’s affairs and family planning programmers needs to consider and design activities that have more holistic approach, including and integrating elements like men’s dominance on households, the low-status women in the community, cultural beliefs related with number of children, attitudes towards gender and proverbs/sayings related with gender.
BCC and IEC program targeting family planning at different levels of government FMOH, Regional health bureau and woreda health office should give consideration and attention for gender norms in the community.
Table of contents
Contents
Summary
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE
1. Background
CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature review
Theoretical approach to the study
CHAPTER THREE
Significance of the study
CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
CHAPTER FIVE
METHODS AND MATERIALS
5.5. Sample size and sampling techniques
5.7. Data collection methods and process
5.7.2. Data collection method
5.13. Definitions of terms
Chapter six
Result
6.3. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
6.4.2. Conclusion
ANNEX ONE
ANNEX TWO
ORAL CONSENT FORM FOR FGD
ANNEX THREE
INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW GUIDE
ANNEX FOUR
ANNEX FIVE
ANNEX six
ANNEX SEVEN
Summary
Family planning is defined as the use of various methods of fertility control that will help individuals or couples to have the number of children they desire and at a planned time interval in order to ascertain the well-being of the children, parents and communities at large
Different gender norms in the community were obstacles for family planning utilization in the community. Those gender norms directly or by complement with each other acts as the barriers of FP utilizations. Decision making power of men/husbands on family planning (needs for his consent by women/wives), seeing children as social prestige due to cultural beliefs, low status of women in community, undermining knowledge of women, limiting responsibility of women/wives to home, dominance of men/husbands on households, etc are affecting directly or by complement with each other the family planning decision making among Married couples.
Objective: To explore the influence of gender norms on family planning decision- making among married couples, in Jeldu Woreda rural Kebeles, west Shewa 2012/13.
Methods: A Qualitative study with grounded theory design was employed. Data collection was done using a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions. The methods employed were in-depth interview and focus group discussions.
Data analysis was begun with transcription. Transcripts were coded using Atlas.ti-7 Software using thematic analysis.
Recommendation: HEWs, woreda women’s and children’s affairs and family planning programmers needs to consider and design activities that have more holistic approach, including and integrating elements like men’s dominance on households, the low-status women in the community, cultural beliefs related with number of children, attitudes towards gender and proverbs/sayings related with gender.
BCC and IEC program targeting family planning at different levels of government FMOH, Regional health bureau and woreda health office should give consideration and attention for gender norms in the community.
Keywords: Gender norms, qualitative research, Grounded theory, Decision-making.
Acknowledgement
Above all, I thank ALMIGHTY GOD for the chance he gave me on the right time and Deserves to take all the credits and best thanks for the inception and completion of this proposal.
I would like to acknowledge my advisors Mr Zewdie Birhanu, Mrs Bezawit Tamesgen and Dr Michelle Kaufman for their unreserved guidance, encouragement and share experience through this research work.
I sincerely thank Jimma University for giving me this opportunity.
Abbreviations
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
CHAPTER ONE
1. Background
Family planning is defined as the use of various methods of fertility control that will help individuals or couples to have the number of children they desire and at a planned time interval in order to ascertain the well-being of the children, parents and communities at large (1).
Family planning is the planning of when to have children and the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. It is the voluntary use of natural or modern methods of Contraceptives by individuals or couples. This approach helps the users to have the number of children they want and when they want them and also assures the well-being of the children and the parents (2).
Family planning service contributes to -The reduction of morbidity and mortality of mothers and children, Avert unplanned pregnancy and its adverse consequence that is high-risk abortion, Prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, Improved standard of living, Increase of household income; and promotes the conservation and efficient use of natural resources (1,2).
Family planning does more than help women and couples limit the size of their families: It safeguards individual health and rights, preserves natural resources, and can improve the economic outlook for families and communities. Family planning also saves lives—up to one-third of all maternal deaths and illnesses could be prevented if women had access to contraception (1, 2).
Globally, the use of modern contraception has risen slightly, from 54% in 1990 to 57% in 2012. Regionally, the proportion of women aged 15–49 reporting use of a modern contraceptive method has raised minimally or plateaued between 2008 and 2012. In Africa it went from 23% to 24%, in Asia it has remained at 62%, and in Latin America and the Caribbean, it rose slightly from 64% to 67%. There is with significant variation among countries in these regions (3).
In the developing world, an estimated 600 million people currently use a modern method of family planning. This widespread use prevents an estimated 188 million unintended pregnancies, 112 million abortions and 150,000 maternal deaths every year (4).
In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the rate of population growth is one of the highest in the world, (2.8 percent) compared to the rest of the world. To address this, many countries in the SSA, including Ethiopia focused their attention on birth control measures, especially the use of family planning services.
In sub-Saharan Africa as a whole, only 17 percent of married women are using contraceptives, as against 50 per cent in North Africa and the Middle East, 39 per cent in South Asia, 76 per cent in East Asia and the Pacific and 68 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Only in a few countries, such as South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Kenya, have family planning programs been successful enough to increase contraceptive use too much higher levels (6).
Family planning services were introduced in Ethiopia in 1948. Although at the beginning the services were limited to only major cities, gradually the services expanded to the rural areas and are being used now by the rural communities (7).
The goal of family planning is to curb the rapid population growth so that it becomes compatible with the living standard of the people and contributes to the efforts geared to create sustained efficient use of the country’s resources. The population policy of Ethiopia has been promoting these mentioned principles since 1986 E.C. (7).
With 91 million people, Ethiopia is the second-most populous East African nation and has a population growth rate of 2.6% and a birth rate of 38 births/1,000 people per year. The maternal mortality ratio is 676/100,000 live births. Twenty-nine (29%) of women use modern contraception (a remaining 25% of women have an unmet need for FP (8).
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Ethiopia is 4.8 children per woman. The TFR in rural areas exceeds the TFR in urban areas by almost three children per woman (5.5 and 2.6 children per woman, respectively). The crude birth rate in Ethiopia is 34.5 births per 1,000 populations. As is the case with other fertility measures, there is a substantial differential in the CBR by urban-rural residence. The CBR is 37 percent higher in rural areas (36 per 1,000 populations) than in urban areas (26 per 1,000 populations) (8).
The Government of Ethiopia is committed to achieving Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG5), to improve maternal health, with a target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three-quarters over the period 1990 to 2015. Accordingly, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) has applied multi-pronged approaches to reducing maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality (8). As family planning method use can help ensure healthiest timing and spacing of pregnancy, hence, regulating fertility. As fertility falls, so do infant, child, and maternal mortality. Women spend decreasing proportions of their lifetimes giving birth and caring for young children. (9). Contraception plays a key role in decreasing maternal mortality. They provide significant protection for women by preventing unintended pregnancies, which often end in unsafe abortions (10).
In order to meet these goals, the government of Ethiopia set different strategies. Among the strategies of Ethiopian governments: Conducting baseline study/survey, Educating and mobilizing communities for family planning services, Providing sustained family planning counselling, Mobilizing communities for active participation in family planning, Strengthening and implementing coordinated family planning and Using exemplary family planning service users to promote the Services, etc. (7,8).
Today, an estimated 215 million women worldwide want to avoid pregnancy and plan their families but are not using modern contraception. In many of developing countries, men are the ones who wield decision-making power in the partnership when it comes to sexual relations or reproductive health—including when to have children, whether to seek health care, or whether to use protection during sex (11).
The provision of inadequate family planning services in Ethiopia has contributed and is still contributing to the high morbidity and mortality of mothers and children; unwanted and unplanned pregnancies; high-risk abortion; HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases and inadequatee information and education about family planning. Due to the low provision of family planning, the Ethiopian population is rapidly increasing and causing incompatibility with the country‘s available natural resources. This situation, surely, is creating the inadequacy of farmland; deforestation; drought accompanied with famine and displacement; soil degradation and erosion; crowding of households; incompatible social service (health, education, etc.) infrastructures and adverse impact on household income (7, 8).
Adverse consequences of low provision family planning, Increase of maternal mortality due to unwanted pregnancy and illegal abortion, Hinders mothers from participating in developmental activities, Children don’t grow properly due to lack of appropriate care and affection by parents, children are exposed to illnesses and deaths due to the lack of appropriate care from parents, Children and the rest of the family members don’t receive adequate health and other social services and Unfavorable impact on the economic status of a family to provide appropriate care to children’s growth and development (7,8).
In Ethiopia, the need for a comprehensive reproductive health approach is obvious: the population is typically young, deaths from reproductive health causes are rampant, health services are poorly organized and largely inaccessible, gender-based discrimination and violence is widely spread, and poverty affects the majority of the population (12).
A woman’s ability to control her own fertility is strongly affected by social constructs of gender roles and expectations. Gender inequality, for example, may determine who has access to family planning information, which holds the power to negotiate contraceptive use or to withhold sex, who decides on family size, and who controls the economic resources to obtain family planning-related health services (13).
Unequal power relations, especially in more patriarchal societies, may confound decisions about contraceptive use and childbearing. Studies in Ethiopia showed that because of the male dominance in the culture, women are often forced to bear a large number of children (15, 16).
Individual health behaviour is influenced by how a person thinks that others view behaviour. According to the study done in Nigeria and other West Africa countries, some women said it that is difficult for them to use family planning because their relatives and friends were not using it (17).
Knowledge about modern contraceptive methods, gender-equitable attitudes, and better involvement in decisions related to children, socio-cultural and family relations were statistically significant factors for decision making power of women on the use of modern contraceptive methods in the urban setting (18).
Despite the fact that FP services are made accessible nearly at all major urban areas in Ethiopia and in most instances at low or no cost, the decisions that lead women to use the services seems to occur within the context of their marriage, household and family setting (19).
Previous researchers have identified several obstacles to the use of modern contraceptives including; husbands’ opposition to the use, fear of side effects, health concerns, and dissatisfaction with sexual sensation when using them.
Despite the crucial role of gender norms influence on family planning decision-making, studies on gender norms and family planning decision- making are relatively scarce. The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge base about the influence of gender norms on family planning decision-making in the study area. This study was specifically on gender norms and family planning decision- making.
CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature review
As studies have shown Worldwide Gendered social expectations have many implications for women and men’s reproductive lives. A social norm favours male children and promoting women’s economic dependence on men. Inability to negotiate sex, condom use, or monogamy on equal terms leaves women and girls worldwide at high risk of unwanted pregnancy, illness and death from pregnancy-related causes, and sexually transmitted infections. (20).
The social expectations of what men and women should and should not do and directly affect attitudes and behaviour related to a range of health issue. Research done in sub-Saharan Africa has shown how inequitable gender norms influence how men interact with their partners, families and children on a wide range of issues, including HIV/AIDS prevention and contraceptive use. Family planning is typically viewed as the responsibility of women, with programs targeting women and overlooking the role of men even though men’s dominance in decision-making, including contraceptive use, has significant implications for family planning (21).
According to the Men and gender equality policy project report, survey research with men and boys in numerous settings of African countries has shown how inequitable and rigid gender norms influence men’s practices on a wide range of issues, including contraceptive use and health-seeking behaviour (22).
A a study in Ethiopia showed because of the male dominance in the culture, women are often forced to bear a large number of children. Better knowledge, fear of a partner’s opposition or negligence, involvement in decisions about child and economic affairs were statistically significant factors for better decision making power of women on the use of modern contraceptive methods in the rural part (23).
A study done in Jimma have shown that most women’s contraceptive knowledge and practice was influenced by socio-cultural norms such as male/husband dominance and opposition to contraception, and low social status of women (24).
2.1. Couple communication / Decision -making
Studies have shown that men control most of the decision making in family life and their characteristics of dominance over the women affect their partner. On one hand, the cultural value of men (and devaluation of women) in the society often allow men to dominate the women in her life, including reproductive health. In many developing countries, men are often the primary decision-makers about sexual activity, fertility, and contraceptive use. Men often called “gatekeeper” because of the many powerful roles they play in society-as husbands, fathers, uncles, religious leaders, policy-makers, and local and national leaders. Education level, family pressures, social expectations, socioeconomic status, exposure to mass media, personal experience, expectations for the future, and religion also shape such decisions (25).
Bosveld stated the principle of informed choice focuses on the individual. Still, most family planning decision also reflects a range of outside influences. Social and cultural norms, gender roles, religion and local beliefs influence peoples’ choice of family planning (26).
According to a report from the gender perspective project, women are often in a disadvantaged position in terms of access to assets, services, information and formal decision-making status (27). In Tanzania, women’s decision-making power related to contraceptive use is limited by the norm that a woman should respect her husband and obey his decisions. While many women are the first to raise the subject of FP, they typically consult their husbands and seek approval before initiating use of contraceptives (28).
Results of a different project review showed that some women do not know or incorrectly assume what their husband’s wishes on family size and family composition are, and some men do not know their wife’s wishes because the couple does not discuss this issue. Even though Methods like condoms, periodic abstinence and withdrawal require communication and negotiation between partners to be used effectively (29).
Studies in sub-Saharan Africa show also that secret use of contraceptives among women accounts for between 6 and 20% of all contraceptive use, which indicates a problem of decision-making power of women on contraceptive use (30).
Report from knowledge for health project shown that still there are inadequate knowledge management/knowledge exchange systems, which prevent the flow of information on family planning and reproductive health (31).
2.2. Attitude, beliefs and perception of men toward family planning
The finding from study done in Kenya showed that when new clients were asked to give a single reason for their choice of the specific family planning method, most reported the attitudes of their spouse or their peers (32).
Findings on what partners know about each other’s views and preferences show that there is often little communication, even within long-standing relationships. Improving men’s understanding of their own motivations, fears and desires, their ability to broach topics relating to sexuality, and their respect for their partners’ wishes is central to improving reproductive health (33).
Many men are poorly informed regarding sexuality and reproduction and need guidance on how to share decision making and negotiate on how choices with their partners. About 10% of Kenyan married couples are using a method that requires male participation, such as condom, periodic abstinence, withdrawal, or vasectomy (34).
Results of studies have found out that most women are forced to have more children by their male partner. In some other cases, women reported the need for husbands’ permission for practising family planning; some are unable to use family planning service due to the opposition by their husbands (35).
The theoretical approach to the study
Grounded theory
This research aimed to gather an in-depth understanding of factors such as gender norms contributing to family planning decision making in Jeldu rural Kebeles, West Shewa. For the purpose of this research question, a qualitative methodology employing grounded theory study design was used.
Grounded theory is one of the most popular research designs in the world. It requires using a set of data collection and analytic procedures aimed at developing theory and methods consisting of a set of inductive strategies for analyzing data. Grounded theory starts with individual cases, incidents, or experiences and develops progressively more abstract conceptual categories to synthesize, to explain, and to understand data and to identify patterned relationships within it. It provides systematic procedures for shaping and handling rich qualitative materials (36, 37).
Grounded theory is defined as a qualitative research design in which the inquirer generates a general explanation (a theory) of a process, action, or interaction using a rigorous research method and shaped by the views of a large number of participants. It is useful for studying typical social psychological topics such as motivation, personal experience, emotions, identity, attraction, prejudice, and interpersonal cooperation and conflict (38).
Because qualitative research methods provide valuable insights into the local perspectives of study populations, they are gaining in popularity outside the traditional academic social sciences, particularly in public health and international development research. The great contribution of qualitative research is the culturally specific and contextually rich data it produces. Such data are proving critical in the design of comprehensive solutions to public health problems in developing countries (37, 40).
Grounded theory methods are suitable for studying individual processes, interpersonal relations, and the reciprocal effects between individuals and larger social processes. In grounded theory studies the researcher derives his or her analytic categories directly from the data, not from preconceived concepts or hypotheses (39).
Grounded theory methods blur the often-rigid boundaries between data collection and data analysis phases of research. A major contribution of grounded theory methods is that they provide rigourous procedures for researchers to check, refine, and develop their ideas and intuitions about the data (36, 38, 40).
The distinguishing characteristics of grounded theory methods include simultaneous involvement in data collection and analysis phases of research, creation of analytic codes and categories developed from the data, (not from preconceived hypotheses), the development of middle-range theories to explain a behaviour and process, memo-making and theoretical sampling, and (40). Therefore, a Grounded theory method of constantly comparing data and concurrent data collection and analysis was employed.
Regarding literature reviews, nowadays there two are views, delay or not to delay literature reviews. Since most of the authors recommend for novice qualitative researchers to do literature review and the researcher is from the woreda of the community under the study, literature review was done for this study.
In line with this, this study, which is concentrated on qualities of human behavior; employing qualitative research to gain rich insight on gender norms influence on family planning-decision making in the study area is very important.
CHAPTER THREE
Significance of the study
Appropriately focusing interventions on the key gender norms and gender equality of Married couples decision-making on family planning have the greatest impact on increasing the utilization of family planning service.
Therefore, the finding of this study helped to target interventions to providers. Knowing the influence of gender norms and other related factors on family planning decision- making of married couples and using that knowledge to decision intervention to increase FP uptake will make it more likely that programs will be more effective. This study was also attempted to fill gaps in research that allows for better understanding of influences of gender norms on family planning decision making among married couples in Ethiopia.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
4.1. Research Question
What are the gender norms within the community that influence family planning decision-making?
What is the manner/process of family planning decision-making between Married couples with their partner look like?
What is the role of the husband/male in family planning decision making? Why? How?
What is the role of the wife/female in family planning decision making? Why? How?
4.2. Objective
General objective
To explore the influence of gender norms on family planning decision- making among Married couples, in Jeldu Woreda rural Kebeles, west Shewa 2012/133
4.2.2. Specific objective
To explore the role of husband on family planning decision making
To explore the role of wife on family planning decision making
To explore intra- married husband and wife communication on family planning decision making
CHAPTER FIVE
METHODS AND MATERIALS
5.1. Study area/setting
The study was conducted in Jeldu Woreda. Jeldu is one of the Woreda in the Oromia Region. It is one of 18 woredas in west Shewa zone located 114Km west of Addis Ababa and 72 Km east-west of the zonal city (Ambo). The woreda is administratively divided into 42 Kebeles (39 rural and 3 urban) with a total population of 202,716 (51% female and 49% male) according to the population and housing census of 2007. The woreda is located at longitude 38[0] 3’ 5’’ to east and latitude 9[0] 15’ 4’’ to the north. The woreda found at 1900-3606m above sea level. The woreda covers 139,389-hectare area. Jeldu is bordered on the south by Dendi, on the southwest by Ambo, on the north by Ginde Beret, on the northeast by Meta Robi, and on the southeast by Ejerie. Towns in Jeldu include Chebi, Gojo, Osole, and Shekute. The Woreda has 1 government hospital (under construction), 6 health centers, 38 health posts, 26 private clinics two them were medium clinics and the rest are lower clinics and 4 rural drug vendors are found in the woreda. In woreda76 HEWs and 158 health professionals are employed. The woreda health service coverage reached at 63% whereas family planning utilization was 21% according to data found from the woreda health office. Injection/DEPO was the most used family planning method in the woreda.
5.2. Study Design
A qualitative study with grounded theory was employed.
5.3. Population
5.3.1. Source population
The source population for the study was all Married couples in the Jeldu Woreda rural Kebeles those living together during the study period.
5.3.2. Study population
The study population for the study was Married couples those live in the selected rural Kebeles for the study.
5.3.3. Study unit
Study unit of the study was the Married couples, Key informants (woreda family planning focal personnel, woreda women’s and children’s affairs, HEWs, Religious leaders and kebele women’s federation).
5.4. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
5.4.1. Inclusion criteria
All married couples of reproductive age (age15 – 49 years) that were living in the study area for more than one year.
5.4.2. Exclusion criteria
Those who were divorced and widowed.
Respondents who were severely ill and cannot provide adequate information during data collection.
5.5. Sample size and sampling techniques
5.5.1. Sample size
Among 39 rural Kebeles of the Woreda, 4 rural Kebeles were selected purposively for this study. The selection was done by considering the availability of the resource for study, data collection method, time for study and nature of the study. Since during this qualitative study, the principal investigator visited each Kebeles many times, the nature of data collection was interactive interviews, rural Kebeles have no lodging/Hotels, and data collection was done by travelling on foot, 4 Kebeles those have access to transportation without considering their distance were selected.
The sampling technique focuses to involve various stakeholders who can reflect the different inputs required to meet the set objective. Woreda women’s and children’s Affairs, HEWs and religion leaders and kebele women federation were purposively selected.
A total of 8 FGDs, 4 with married men and 4 with married women were conducted (See Fig. 1). Two FGD were conducted for each selected Kebele. One with married women and one with married men. For each FGD, 7-10 individuals were selected from each Kebele among the study population. The sampling procedure for each study population and how they were contacted them is described below:
Married men: married men among the selected Kebeles have participated on FGD. 8-10 Married men were selected from the selected rural Kebele. Supporting letter from Woreda administration was submitted to Kebele leaders and HEWs. The selection was made by discussing with each Kebele leaders and HEWs in Kebeles. After participants of FGD were identified an invitation letter was sent home to participants.
The FGD was conducted in-office arranged with the collaboration of woreda women’s and children’s affairs. (See fig.1)
Married women: married women among the selected Kebeles have participated on FGD. 7-9 Married women were selected from the selected rural Kebele. Supporting letter from Woreda administration was submitted to Kebele leaders and HEWs. The selection was made by discussing with each Kebele leaders and HEWs. After participants of FGD were identified an invitation letter was sent home to participants. The FGD was conducted in-office arranged with the collaboration of woreda women’s and children’s affairs.
Table: 1 summary of participants of the study, gender norms and family planning decision making among Married couples in Jeldu woreda, rural Kebeles, May 2013.
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Since a grounded theoretical approach was used, there was a constant comparative analysis of cases with each other. Data collection was done until theoretical saturation of themes was achieved. The sample size of the in-depth interviews was determined by this rather than by demographic representativeness. Eight focus group discussions, four with men groups and four with women groups were conducted
For in-depth interview key informants were selected. 14 IDI was conducted with the selected informants for this study. Woreda family planning focal personnel, woreda women’s and children’s affairs, HEWs, Religion leaders and kebele women’s federation were the selected key informants for this study.
5.6. Sampling methods and procedure
5.6.1. Participant selection
The researcher was discussed or consulted with the different Woreda focal personnel, like the Woreda women’s affairs office, and seek advice local community leaders like Keble leaders as to the most efficient ways, to recruit potential participants.
The researcher was developed the recruitment guidelines that explained the procedure briefly to the participants. Before being enrolled in the study, the participants had to fully understand what the study was about and how their privacy was through the consent process. In developing recruitment guidelines, special care was taken to avoid saying anything that was interpreted as coercive. The voluntary nature of participation in the research study was to emphasize
5.6.2. Sampling method
Maximum variation sampling was employed. This deliberate strategy used so that characteristics vary widely from one participant to others. The aim is to identify central themes that cut across the participants.
Fig. 1-Focus group discussion schematic presentation (total of 8 FGD)
Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten
Fig.2. In-depth Interview Participants (total of 14 interviews)
For in-depth interview 1-woreda women’s and children’s affairs, 1- family planning department focal person, 4 HEWS, 4 religion leaders, 4 Kebele women federation
5.7. Data collection methods and process
5.7.1. Data collection process
These activities include locating a site or an individual, gaining access and building rapport, sampling purposefully, collecting data, recording information, exploring field issues, and storing data. The data collection process was done using semi-structured interview guides with open-ended questions. Both in-depthth interviews and FGDs was employed and audio recorded.
5.7.2. Data collection method
As data collection method two most common methods of data collection in qualitative study was employed. The methods employed were in-depth interview and focus group discussion.
5.7.3. In-depth interview
In-depth interviews are one of the most commonly used methods in qualitative studies. One reason for their popularity is that they are very effective in giving a human face to research problems. This method is optimal for collecting data on individuals’ personal histories, perspectives, attitudes, beliefs and experiences, particularly when sensitive topics are being explored. It is an effective qualitative method for getting people to talk about their personal feelings, opinions, attitudes, beliefs, and experiences. Especially appropriate for addressing sensitive topics that people might be reluctant to discuss in a group setting (41).
The researcher was engaged with participants by posing questions in a neutral manner, listening attentively to participants’ responses, and asking follow-up questions and probes based on participants responses. The interview was conducted face-to-face and involved one interviewer and one participant.
Interviews were conducted in a private location with no outsiders present and where people feel that their confidentiality is completely protected. This was difficult in some settings, but every effort was made to protect participants’ privacy to the greatest extent possible. Inviting participants to suggest a location where they would feel comfortable was taken as an option.
5.7.4. Focus group discussion
FGD is effective in eliciting data on the cultural norms of a group and in generating broad overviews of issues of concern to the cultural groups or subgroups represented. Some sensitive topics work better with a group if all members of the group share an experience. Group interviews will also tell you more about the social structure of the community in which you will be working and give you a more in-depth understanding of the context and social fabric of the community, and of how opinions and knowledge are formed in social contexts. One advantage of group data is that you have access to how people talk to each other (41).
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