This work has the objective to offer a deeper insight in the Italian human capital development in the long run. Hereby, the work is also investigating the differences in development between specific Italian regions.
This work is dedicated to research the long-run development of human capital in Italy, both for the country as a whole and regional differences. The author wants to take a closer look on the north-south descent. First, the age data sources, its structure and subsequently the sources and collecting of independent variables in the dataset are described. These independent variables will later be included in an empirical analysis about the connection of human capital and economic development. In this regard, the work will enlarge upon human capital development, especially regarding gender and region. In this section it shall be differentiated between bigger territories as well as the specific provinces of Italy. Then, the impact of different independent economic indicators on the numeracy value will be investigated with a regression analysis. In this context the time period from 1800 to 1900 will be considered more closely because of the presence of the mafia and criminal activities in the south of Italy. An empirical analysis shows if the increased presence of the mafia and criminality is influenced by the human capital value in specific provinces of Sicily, where the most famous mafia organization had its origin.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1 Age Data and Data Structure
2.2 Independent Variables and Investigation of Sources
2.3 Problems and Difficulties
3. Human Capital Analysis Italy
4.1 Methodology
4.2 Human Capital Development in the Long-Run
4.3 Gender based Human Capital Development
4.4 Regional Human Capital Development
4. Empirical Analysis
4.1 Regional Human Capital Development
4.2 Difficulties in Regression Analysis
4.3 Endogeneity Problems and Multicollinearity
4.4 Main Results
5. Development of Mafia
5.1 Origin of the Mafia
5.2 Human Capital Influence
6. Conclusion
Research Objective & Key Topics
This thesis examines the long-term development of human capital in Italy, with a specific focus on regional disparities and the potential influence of organized crime (the Mafia) on educational levels. By analyzing historical numeracy rates—derived from age-heaping data—the study investigates how economic indicators like urbanization, agricultural productivity, and industrial development correlate with human capital, specifically addressing the persistent North-South divide in Italy.
- Long-run evolution of human capital in Italy (1330–1910).
- Analysis of regional numeracy differences and the North-South divide.
- Empirical investigation of economic indicators (guilds, urbanization, temperature) as proxies for productivity.
- Evaluation of the relationship between numeracy levels and Mafia presence in Sicily.
- Methodological application of Whipple's index and age-heaping strategies.
Excerpt from the Book
5.1 Origin of the Mafia
One thing ahead, the reality of mafia in Italy is and was different from what movies makes us want to believe. It is very important to note that we have large number of different criminal organizations which are scattered all over the Italian Peninsula. The Camorra around Naples and the ‘Ndrangheta in the region around Calabria are only two of the most famous groups next to the original “Cosa Nostra” in Sicily. These other groups have a different genesis that will not be explained further in this thesis.
Sicily has a long history or foreign invasion, starting with the Greek and Romans and ending later with the hegemony of the French. The origin of the mafia is often stated in the 1860s when Sicily was still being under the control as part of the Bourbon Kingdom (Dickie, 2004). Smith (2008, p. 16) referred to Sicily as Russian island which was just a more welcoming because of its citrus trees’ plantations. The predominant feudal regime stayed in place even after the liberation form the Bourbon reign through Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860. The Sicilian aristocrats owned about 75% of the island before the 19th century and peasants were only allowed to manage and farm the land they were given but not own it. The ulterior motive of the Sicilians’ liberation from the Bourbons was the unification plan of Camillo Cavour and his idea of a united state of Italy. With help Garibaldi and Piedmontese Army, the first part of his plan succeeded but he did not expect the Sicilians to strive for independence from the new formed Italian Kingdom (Maran, 2009). The Italian government tried to bring the escalating situation under control by introducing martial law and was taking tough measures in order to restore the political order on the Italian island, but failed to do so. This solidarity and the joint struggle against another patronizing through the Italian government laid the foundation for the mafia spirit of honour and respect. This mafia spirit is described to be so much alike the common Sicilian ideology that those two are almost indistinguishable (Catanzaro 1992).
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Outlines the importance of human capital for economic growth and defines the research scope regarding Italian regional disparities and the influence of historical criminal organizations.
2. Data: Describes the construction of the large age-data panel, the classification of various historical source types, and the adjustments made to handle data inconsistencies.
3. Human Capital Analysis Italy: Details the age-heaping methodology, the Whipple's index calculation, and provides a longitudinal overview of numeracy trends across Italy, genders, and regions.
4. Empirical Analysis: Uses regression models to assess how economic proxies (urbanization, guilds, temperature) and demographic variables influence numeracy, while attempting to isolate the effect of the "South" dummy.
5. Development of Mafia: Discusses the historical origins of the Sicilian Mafia and examines the link between regional numeracy and the emergence of these criminal structures.
6. Conclusion: Synthesizes the main findings, confirms the existence of a North-South numeracy divide, and assesses the impact of socioeconomic factors on historical educational attainment.
Keywords
Human Capital, Numeracy, Age-heaping, Whipple’s index, Italy, Mezzogiorno, Economic History, Mafia, Urbanization, Guilds, Regression Analysis, North-South Divide, Sicily, Historical Demography, Socioeconomic Development
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The thesis focuses on the long-term human capital development in Italy, examining how numeracy levels changed over six centuries and how regional socioeconomic factors contributed to the persistent North-South divide.
What are the central themes of this study?
The central themes include historical numeracy trends, regional economic disparities, the impact of the European Marriage Pattern, and the socio-historical origins of the Sicilian Mafia.
What is the core research question?
The research explores the long-run development of Italian human capital and specifically investigates whether a significant statistical relationship exists between regional numeracy and the presence of criminal organizations in Sicily.
Which scientific methods are applied in this work?
The author employs the age-heaping method based on Whipple’s index to estimate numeracy rates, utilizes various historical census and record data, and applies regression analysis to test the impact of economic proxies on human capital.
What is covered in the main body?
The main body covers the methodology of data collection, long-run trends in human capital, gender-specific educational analysis, empirical regressions using economic indicators, and an investigation into the historical emergence of the Mafia.
Which keywords characterize this thesis?
The work is characterized by terms like Human Capital, Numeracy, Italy, North-South Divide, Mafia, Economic History, and Age-heaping.
How is the "age-heaping" method used to track human capital?
Age-heaping uses the tendency of individuals to round their reported age to multiples of five or zero. A lower frequency of such rounding in census data indicates higher numeracy and, consequently, higher human capital.
Did the research find a link between numeracy and Mafia activity?
While the study found a slight positive correlation in some models, it ultimately determined that regional numeracy was not a primary or statistically consistent determinant of Mafia presence, highlighting that other factors, such as the presence of sulphur mines, were more significant.
Why were "death records" problematic for this research?
Death records often exhibit a downward bias in numeracy because the age of the decedent was frequently estimated by third parties, such as priests, rather than being reported by the individual themselves.
- Quote paper
- Victoria Lindner (Author), 2019, Long-Run Human Capital Development in Italy and the Influences of the Mafia, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/506776
