Internet of Things (IoT), is a new expansion of Information Technology and promising concept that acquiring popularity in every application and field. The Internet of Things transforms the real physical objects and their status into intelligent virtual objects. The converted virtual form or sensed information can be acquired, checked, modified and connected for controlling the object or related things. In IoT, anything, anywhere, anytime can be communicated. In this perspective, this review paper addresses IoT concepts through review of scholarly research papers, professional discussions with experts and online databases. Current IoT technologies, protocols and models are studied, discussed and presented.
Table of Contents
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definition of IOT
- IoT reference model
- Physical Devices and Controllers
- Connectivity
- Computing
- Data Accumulation
- Data Abstraction
- Application (Reporting, Analytics, Control)
- Collaboration and Processes (Involving people and business processes)
- Wireless IoT Communication Protocols
- ZigBee
- RF Links
- Bluetooth
- 6LOWPAN
- Z-Wave
- Wi-Fi Wireless fidelity
- TECHNOLOGY STACK
- MQTT - Message - Queue Telemetry - Transport
- CoAP Constrained Application Protocol
- XMPP - Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
- References
Objectives and Key Themes
This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Internet of Things (IoT) concepts, technologies, and communication protocols. It achieves this through a review of existing research, expert discussions, and online databases. The paper explores current IoT models and protocols, presenting a structured analysis of their functionalities and applications.
- IoT Reference Models and Architectures
- Wireless Communication Protocols for IoT
- Data Handling and Management in IoT
- Applications and Use Cases of IoT
- Technological Stack and Interoperability in IoT
Chapter Summaries
Introduction: This introductory chapter sets the stage by highlighting the pervasive nature of the internet and its expansion into the realm of the Internet of Things (IoT). It underscores the transformative potential of IoT across diverse sectors, from healthcare and industry to smart homes and parking systems. The chapter emphasizes the role of sensors in data collection, the use of the internet for data storage and sharing, and the ability to remotely control objects and situations through virtual interfaces. It lays the groundwork for understanding the subsequent chapters' deep dives into specific IoT aspects.
Definition of IOT: This section formally defines the Internet of Things, emphasizing its self-configuring, adaptive, and complex nature. It highlights the key characteristics of IoT devices: their physical or virtual representation, sensing capabilities, programmability, and unique identification. The definition stresses the ability to capture and communicate data about these things, providing services anytime, anywhere, and for anything. This concise definition provides a foundational understanding for the following discussions of IoT architectures and protocols.
IoT reference model: This chapter details a seven-layer IoT reference model, visualizing the hierarchical structure of IoT systems. Each layer—from Physical Devices and Controllers to Collaboration and Processes—is discussed in detail, explaining its specific functions and interactions with other layers. The model provides a framework for understanding the complex interplay of hardware, software, data, and human interaction within the IoT ecosystem. The inclusion of diverse data storage options such as Hadoop and NoSQL databases highlights the scalability and flexibility of the IoT architecture.
Wireless IoT Communication Protocols: This chapter explores various wireless communication protocols commonly used in IoT deployments. It provides detailed descriptions of ZigBee, RF Links, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, and Wi-Fi, comparing their strengths, weaknesses, data rates, power consumption, and typical applications. This comparative analysis allows for a better understanding of the trade-offs involved in selecting the most appropriate protocol for different IoT applications. The inclusion of technologies like RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) highlights the role of device identification and tracking within the IoT landscape.
TECHNOLOGY STACK: This section presents a visual representation of the technological stack utilized in IoT systems, illustrating the layered architecture from the physical layer to the application layer. It highlights the various protocols and standards employed at different levels, emphasizing interoperability and communication between devices and applications. The figure clearly demonstrates the interplay of hardware and software components within a typical IoT system, reinforcing the concepts discussed in previous chapters.
MQTT - Message - Queue Telemetry - Transport: This section focuses on MQTT, a lightweight messaging protocol for IoT applications, detailing its publish-subscribe architecture and its efficient use of resources. The discussion explains the three main components of an MQTT system: publishers, subscribers, and an agent, and highlights its suitability for low-power devices and resource-constrained environments. The description of MQTT's sleep mode further reinforces its energy-efficiency and its usefulness in the IoT context.
CoAP Constrained Application Protocol: This section describes CoAP, another lightweight protocol designed for resource-constrained devices. The discussion contrasts CoAP with other protocols like MQTT and highlights its client-server interaction model and asynchronous communication. The mention of its use in smart energy and building automation demonstrates its practical application within the IoT landscape.
XMPP - Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol: This section focuses on XMPP, a messaging protocol suitable for real-time applications in IoT. The chapter highlights XMPP's support for both publish/subscribe and request/response architectures, emphasizing its flexibility and efficiency. The discussion of its low latency makes it appropriate for real-time applications and machine-to-machine communication within IoT environments.
Keywords
Internet of Things, IoT, RFID, Cloud Computing, Wireless Communication Protocols, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, IoT Reference Model, Data Aggregation, Sensor Networks, M2M Communication, Low-Power Devices, Smart Home, Smart City, Edge Computing, Technology Stack, Interoperability.
Internet of Things (IoT) Review Paper: Frequently Asked Questions
What is the purpose of this review paper?
This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of Internet of Things (IoT) concepts, technologies, and communication protocols. It achieves this by reviewing existing research, expert discussions, and online databases, offering a structured analysis of functionalities and applications of current IoT models and protocols.
What topics are covered in the paper?
The paper covers key aspects of IoT, including IoT reference models and architectures, wireless communication protocols (ZigBee, RF Links, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi), data handling and management, various applications and use cases, and the technological stack and interoperability issues. Specific protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP are also examined in detail.
What is the structure of the paper?
The paper is structured with an abstract, introduction, definition of IoT, a detailed seven-layer IoT reference model, a review of wireless IoT communication protocols, an overview of the technology stack, explanations of MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP, and finally a conclusion and references. Chapter summaries provide a concise overview of each section's content.
What is the IoT reference model described in the paper?
The paper details a seven-layer IoT reference model encompassing physical devices and controllers, connectivity, computing, data accumulation, data abstraction, application (reporting, analytics, control), and collaboration and processes (involving people and business processes). This model illustrates the hierarchical structure and complex interplay of hardware, software, data, and human interaction within the IoT ecosystem.
Which wireless communication protocols are discussed?
The paper explores several wireless communication protocols, including ZigBee, RF Links, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, and Wi-Fi. Each protocol's strengths, weaknesses, data rates, power consumption, and typical applications are compared, facilitating informed protocol selection for various IoT applications. The role of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is also highlighted.
What are MQTT, CoAP, and XMPP, and why are they important in IoT?
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging protocol suitable for low-power devices, featuring a publish-subscribe architecture. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is another lightweight protocol designed for resource-constrained devices, using a client-server model and asynchronous communication. XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) is a messaging protocol suitable for real-time applications, supporting both publish/subscribe and request/response architectures.
What is the technology stack in the context of IoT?
The paper illustrates the technological stack used in IoT systems, showing a layered architecture from the physical layer to the application layer. This visualization highlights the protocols and standards used at each level, emphasizing interoperability and communication between devices and applications.
What are the key takeaways of this review?
The paper offers a comprehensive understanding of the architecture, protocols, and functionalities within the IoT ecosystem. It helps readers grasp the complexity of IoT systems and provides the knowledge to make informed decisions regarding technology selection and implementation in various IoT applications.
What are the keywords associated with this paper?
Key terms include: Internet of Things, IoT, RFID, Cloud Computing, Wireless Communication Protocols, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, IoT Reference Model, Data Aggregation, Sensor Networks, M2M Communication, Low-Power Devices, Smart Home, Smart City, Edge Computing, Technology Stack, and Interoperability.
- Quote paper
- Ajit Singh (Author), 2018, Internet of Things Reference Model and Wireless IoT Communication Protocols, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/489811
