Is conscience "but a word that cowards use"? An analysis of conscience in William Shakespeare's "Richard III" and "Hamlet"

Bachelor Thesis , 2016 , 40 Pages , Grade: 1,1

Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works

In the famous title quote from Richard III, William Shakespeare has his protagonist disregard the concept of conscience as a mere ,word‘, an invention of no further consequence to a brave person. Meanwhile Hamlet complains that “conscience does make cowards of us all“ and thereby infers a strong significance of conscience to mankind. These popular, though seemingly contradictory statements raise the question just what exact understanding of said moral concept Shakespeare wanted to relay to his audience. What was conscience to him, his audience and his contemporary writers? Was conscience seen as ,but a word‘, a cowardly excuse for inaction or as an innate concept dwelling in every man? What were the underlying principles of his set of moral values?
Both the author and his contemporaries had an interest towards both the specific moral phenomenon of conscience and the intricacies of the human persona and its inner moral values.
In the two plays at hand, Richard III and Hamlet, conscience is displayed as an innate concept. In their beliefs towards this concept, heroes and villains do not contradict, but complement each other. All relevant scenes from the two plays taken together exhibit a comprehensive image of the discourse of conscience in the Elizabethan Age. It ranges from personified character and externality to an inner contemplation with God and man‘s own soul, from an exhilarating righteous feeling to purgatory-like torment on Earth. It shows a broad understanding of the term, much more extensive than our modern perception of it, which has narrowed down to the single meaning of discernment between good and evil. Nevertheless, conscience stands in a long tradition of philosophical debates and Shakespeare adds his own touch to it with Richard III. and Hamlet, leaving modern eyes with a better appreciation of concept of conscience.

Table of Contents

Introduction

1.What is Conscience?
1.1 The Elizabethan Concept of Moral Responsibility
1.1.1. The Doctrine of the Three Souls
1.1.2. The Passions
1.2 Discourse of Conscience
1.3 Conscience in Theater

2. Conscience as a Phenomenon
2.1 Conscience in Richard III.
2.1.1. Richard‘s Character
2.1.2. A Material Intruder to the Body
2.1.3. Rejecting Conscience and Richard‘s Trial
2.1.4. Clarence‘s Trial
2.2 Conscience in Hamlet
2.2.1. Claudius
2.2.2. Hamlet‘s Internal Conscience
2.2.3. Moral Ambiguities
2.2.4. Stricken by Melancholy and Conscience
2.2.5. Stained Conscience to Perfect Conscience
2.3 Conscience and Cowardice

3. Conclusion

Bibliography

• College: University of Göttingen
• Grade: 1,1
• Author: Imke Fischer (Author)
• Publication Year: 2016
• Pages: 40
• Catalog Number: V375602
• ISBN (eBook): 9783668547629
• ISBN (Book): 9783668547636
• Language: English
• Tags: Shakespeare; conscience; Hamlet; Richard III