The Palani Hills or “Palni Hills” are situated in the western part of the state Tamil Nadu, South India (district Dindigul). The Palani Hills, (10˚5’ - 10˚25’ N and 77˚15’ - 77˚50,E) are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats of India with a maximum (east to west) length of 65 km, a maximum width of 40 km (mean width 24 km) and a total area of 2068 km² (cf. Matthew,1999).
The function of the Palni Hills as a critical water shade respectively as a catchment area and origin area of numerous streams is – ecological and economical - important for the whole population of Tamil Nadu, especially for the inhabitants of the planes.
For several years now efforts have been made to “reserve forest land” (these forests are already among the protected areas of Tamil Nadu) to “Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park” as their upgrade will increase their IUCN status from level VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area or II - National Park and improve the habitat and wildlife conservation of this area.
IAN LOCKWOOD published 2003 in the Indian magazine “FRONTLINE“: “In the early 1990s, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palni Hills by declaring the area a wildlife sanctuary or a national park. The proposal was the result of a remarkable collaborative effort by the State Forest Department, the Palni Hills Conservation Council (PHCC) and several concerned individuals. Ten years later, the area still awaits the notification in this regard. In the meantime, mounting pressure on the habitat from encroachment and increased tourist inflow has taken its toll on the hills.”
Until today (2011) these efforts failed.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Eco regions and forest biomes of India
- 1.2 The studied area
- 1.2.1 Geographical situation
- 1.2.2 Climatic conditions
- 1.2.3 Geology and soils
- 1.2.4 Native vegetation of the Upper Palnis (1700 – 2500m)
- 1.3 Exotic plantations in the Palni Hills
- 1.3.1 History of exotic plantations
- 1.3.2 Use of plantations nowadays
- 1.4. Problem definition and objectives
- 2. Methods and Materials
- 2.1 Strategy of outdoor assessments
- 2.1.1 Selection criteria for plantations
- 2.1.2 Number, size and spatial distribution of vegetation plots
- 2.1.3 Plot design
- 2.2 Procedure of outdoor assessments
- 2.2.1 Exploration of plantations
- 2.2.2 Assessment of general parameters of the plantations
- 2.2.3 Assessment of location parameters per plot
- 2.2.4 Assessment of main stand
- 2.2.5 Assessment of Shola regeneration
- 2.2.6 Assessment of ground vegetation
- 2.3 Statistical analysis
- 3. Results
- 3.1 Main stands
- 3.1.1 Composition of species and stock structure
- 3.1.2 Number of trees, standing supply and base area per ha
- 3.1.3 Deadwood, damages and human influence
- 3.1.4 Crown density and crown cover percentage
- 3.1.5 Regeneration of main stand species
- 3.2 Ground vegetation
- 3.2.1 Assemblage of species
- 3.2.2 Dominant species
- 3.2.3 Competition situation
- 3.3 Shola regeneration
- 3.3.1 Composition of species
- 3.3.2 Population density: number of individuals
- 3.3.3 Distance to the nearest Shola as potential seed source
- 3.3.4 Browsing rate and herbivores
- 3.3.5 Other damages
- 3.3.6 Vitality: Sprout heights and diameters
- 3.3.7 Special locations
- 3.3.8 Altitude, fall of ground and exposition
- 3.3.9 Spatial dispersion
- 4. Discussion
- 4.1. Appraisal of competition
- 4.2 Appraisal of browsing
- 4.3 Shola as a potential seed source
- 4.4 Possible silvicultural measures
- 5. Summary
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
The main objective of this study is to scientifically investigate the regeneration of indigenous Shola species within exotic pine plantations in the Palni Hills of South India. This involves a comprehensive vegetation assessment to describe the abundance, dominance, and condition of the regeneration, and to identify key influencing factors. The study aims to determine if these plantations can act as a protective shield for Shola species, potentially reducing the need for expensive and less effective artificial restoration measures.
- Shola regeneration under exotic pine plantations.
- Competitive interactions between Shola species and ground vegetation.
- Influence of abiotic factors (light, soil conditions, distance to seed source) on Shola regeneration.
- Impact of herbivores (especially the Indian Bison) on Shola regeneration.
- Potential for natural Shola establishment within the plantations.
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
1. Introduction: This chapter sets the stage by describing the diverse forest biomes of India and focusing on the Palni Hills, their geographical location, climate, geology, and native vegetation, particularly the Shola forests. It then details the history of exotic pine plantations in the area, their current use, and the problematic aspects of exotic species invasions, framing the research question on the potential for Shola regeneration within these plantations. The chapter concludes by explicitly stating the objectives of the study, highlighting the need for a scientific assessment of Shola regeneration and the potential for using the existing plantations for ecological restoration.
2. Methods and Materials: This chapter meticulously outlines the methodology employed in the study. It details the selection criteria for the pine plantations, including considerations of altitude and regeneration levels. The chapter also describes the design and spatial distribution of vegetation plots used for assessing Shola regeneration, ground vegetation, and the main stand. Comprehensive descriptions of the assessment procedures, including the recording of various parameters (e.g., DBH, height, damage, crown density, soil conditions), are provided. Finally, the statistical methods used for data analysis (correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, index of dispersion, Spearman's rank correlation) are clearly explained.
3. Results: This chapter presents the findings of the study, organized by the three main aspects of the vegetation: main stands, ground vegetation, and Shola regeneration. For the main stands, it details species composition, stock structure, tree density, damage assessments, and the regeneration of main stand species. The ground vegetation analysis includes species assemblage, dominant species identification, and the assessment of competition. The Shola regeneration section is the most extensive and presents data on species composition, population density, distance to seed sources, browsing impact, vitality, and spatial distribution patterns. Detailed tables and illustrations are used to support and clarify the presented data.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
Shola forest regeneration, exotic pine plantations, Palni Hills, South India, species composition, competition, abiotic factors, herbivore impact, Indian Bison, biodiversity, ecological restoration, silviculture.
Frequently Asked Questions: Shola Forest Regeneration in Exotic Pine Plantations of the Palni Hills, South India
What is the main objective of this study?
The primary goal is to scientifically investigate the regeneration of native Shola species within exotic pine plantations in the Palni Hills of South India. This involves a comprehensive vegetation assessment to describe the abundance, dominance, and condition of Shola regeneration, and to identify key influencing factors. The study aims to determine if these plantations can serve as a protective environment for Shola species, potentially reducing the need for costly artificial restoration methods.
What areas are covered in the study?
The study focuses on the Palni Hills in South India, specifically examining the regeneration of Shola forests within existing exotic pine plantations. The research encompasses various aspects, from the geographical location and climatic conditions of the region to the detailed assessment of vegetation composition and interactions.
What methods were used in this study?
The methodology involved a comprehensive field assessment using strategically placed vegetation plots within selected pine plantations. Parameters such as tree density, species composition, damage assessment (browsing, disease), ground vegetation cover, and Shola regeneration were meticulously recorded. Statistical analysis, including correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, index of dispersion, and Spearman's rank correlation, was employed to analyze the data.
What are the key themes explored in the study?
Key themes include Shola regeneration under exotic pine plantations; competitive interactions between Shola species and other vegetation; the influence of abiotic factors (light, soil conditions, distance to seed source) on Shola regeneration; the impact of herbivores (especially the Indian Bison) on Shola regeneration; and the potential for natural Shola establishment within the plantations.
What are the key findings of the study (summarized)?
The results section details the species composition, stock structure, and density of the main stands (pine plantations). It also analyzes the ground vegetation, identifying dominant species and assessing competition. Most extensively, the study examines Shola regeneration, including species composition, population density, distance to seed sources, browsing impact, vitality, and spatial distribution. Specific details are provided in tables and illustrations within the full report.
What is the significance of the study’s findings?
This research provides valuable insights into the potential for natural ecological restoration within existing exotic plantations. The findings can inform silvicultural practices and contribute to more effective and cost-efficient strategies for conserving Shola forests in the Palni Hills. The understanding of competitive interactions and herbivore impacts is crucial for developing successful conservation plans.
What are the key words associated with this study?
Shola forest regeneration, exotic pine plantations, Palni Hills, South India, species composition, competition, abiotic factors, herbivore impact, Indian Bison, biodiversity, ecological restoration, silviculture.
Where can I find more detailed information?
The complete study report provides detailed methodology, results, and discussion, including extensive tables and figures. (Note: The full report is not included here; this FAQ summarizes the provided preview.)
- Quote paper
- Birgit Einhellinger (Author), 2011, Regeneration of indigenous Shola species under exotic pine plantations in the Palni Hills, South India, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/323192
