The drugs mentioned in this paper each have their own specific effects on the user but they are similar in the manner in which they are used and the treatment used when working with the abuser.
A ‘substance’ is a chemical compound that alters behaviour or mood when ingested. This group includes alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, heroin and cocaine along with chocolate and soft drinks. The vast majority of users of the ‘safe’ drugs are not perceived as addicts, they can be equally as addictive and harmful to one’s health.
There is a clear distinction between a user and an abuser of drugs. ‘Substance use’ suggests that the individual ingests the drug in moderate amounts that have no significant effect on their social, educational or occupational functionality. The drug has the ability, based on the quantity ingested to create impaired judgement, mood changes and lowered motor ability; this result is referred to as intoxication. ‘Substance abuse’ as an extension of ‘use’ is really defined on how the use of the drug affects the individual’s relationships, his work or education and whether it causes him to place himself or others in physically dangerous situations (Barlow & Durand: 2005).
‘Drug dependence’ is often described as addiction. There is however some disagreement in how we best define substance dependence (Woody & Cacciola: 1997). One definition would explain how the individual requires systematically greater quantities of the drug to experience the same level of intoxication (tolerance), and will behave negatively if the drug is not ingested (withdrawal) (Franklin & Frances: 1999). An alternate view on substance dependence pertains to the behaviour that focuses on finding the required drug as a dependence indicator. A different view of substance dependence focuses on the drug seeking behaviour itself as an indication of dependence. The repetitive ingestion of the drug, an increased need for more of the drug and the likelihood that re-use of the drug will occur after a period of abstinence; are all behaviours that help to define the extent of the drug dependence. These behaviours have a psychological component and these in conjunction with physiological components of tolerance and withdrawal make for a better understanding of substance dependence.
Many people are able to ‘enjoy’ a glass of wine ...
Table of Contents
Introduction
Depressants
Disorders related to alcohol use
Disorders related to sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic substances
Stimulants
Disorders related to amphetamine use
Disorders related to cocaine use
Disorders related to nicotine use
Disorders related to caffeine use
Opioids
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
Other hallucinogens including LSD.
Other abused drugs
Causes of substance-related disorders
Biological factors
Psychological factors
Cognitive factors
Social factors
Cultural factors
Substance related disorders treatment
Biological treatment
Psychosocial treatment
Prevention
Impulse-Control Disorders
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Kleptomania
Pyromania
Pathological gambling
Trichotillomania
Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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