„Es muss demokratisch aussehen, aber wir müssen alles in der Hand haben." (LEONHARDT 2005: 317).
Bereits dieses Zitat von Walter Ulbricht gewährt uns einen Einblick in die sozialistische Führung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Nach außen hin sollte das Volk in den Glauben haben in einem demokratischen Staat zu leben, die Realität jedoch war eine andere. In dem nachfolgenden Text möchte ich die sozialistisch-planwirtschaftliche Führung im Hinblick auf die Stadtentwicklungsprozesse in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik von 1960-1990 darlegen. Besonderes Augenmerk lege ich dabei auf folgende drei Schwerpunkte.
Ich möchte untersuchen, wie und unter welchen politischen Einflüssen Stadtzentren geplant wurden, wie sich der Wohnungsbau entwickelt hat und welche Relevanz den Altbauten zukam. Im Anschluss an die Erläuterung und Darlegung der drei Punkte werde ich mit einem Fazit abschließen. In diesem Fazit möchte ich, neben einer Zusammenfassung, den Aspekt betrachten, wie die Stadtentwicklung in der DDR von der Bevölkerung aufgenommen wurde. Dabei möchte ich bestimmte Aspekte hervorheben, welche zu zentralen Aspekten einer Stadtentwicklung gehören und inwiefern Institutionen diese verwirklicht haben.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Maps
List of Images
List of Case Studies
Abbreviations
List of Appendices
Currency exchange rates
Introduction
1. Household energy consumption in Developing Countries
1.1 Biomass – cooking fuel for the poor
1.2 Kerosene - fuel based lighting for the poor
2. The importance of household energy in reaching the Millennium Development Goals
2.1 How the use of traditional biomass leads to environmental degradation
2.2 Traditional biomass and respiratory infections
2.3 Socio-economic impacts of the use of traditional biomass
2.4 The effects of fuel based lighting
3. The growing importance of Renewable Energy Technologies
3.1 The status of renewable energy technologies in Developing Countries
3.2 Increasing affordability due to reduction in costs
3.3 Growing investment in the establishment of renewable energy technologies
4. Barriers for the diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies in Developing Countries
4.1 The need for accurate data
4.2 The importance of a conducive, institutional environment
4.2.1 Government policy interventions for the wider promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies
4.2.2 Policy impacts on rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa
4.2.3 Possible interventions in favour of rural electrification
4.2.3.1 Co-operatively managed off-grid schemes
4.2.3.2 Are rural households able to pay for energy services?
4.2.3.3 Rural Energy Service Company – overcoming initial costs and service constraints
4.2.3.4 The potential of micro-financing
4.2.4 The need for a local supply infrastructure
4.2.5 The need for quality control
4.3 Social acceptance by consumers
4.3.1 The diffusion of innovations
4.3.2 The need for technology cooperation
4.3.3 No awareness: no adoption
5. Sub-Saharan Africa’s dependency on traditional biomass and kerosene
5.1 The practicability of sustainably producing traditional biomass
5.2 The feasibility of increasing the energy efficiency of traditional biomass
6. Household energy in Kenya
6.1 Electricity, a future energy source for the poor?
6.1.1 The Rural Electrification Programme
6.1.2 Can future electricity generation meet the demand?
6.1.3 Affordable tariffs vs. unaffordable connection fees
6.2 Kenya’s potential for ‘stand alone’ renewable based power generation
6.2.1 The potential of micro-hydro power
6.2.2 The potential of wind energy
6.2.3 The potential of solar photovoltaics
6.2.4 The potential of bioenergy
6.2.4.1 Direct combustion of biomass
6.2.4.2 The potential of bio-chemical conversion
6.2.4.3 The potential of biofuel
7. Jatropha curcas L. – the potential of a multipurpose oil tree
7.1 Properties of the species
7.1.1 Medicinal value of leaves and seeds
7.1.2 Energy value of crude jatropha oil
7.1.3 Geographical distribution within Kenya
7.2 Jatropha plantations in Developing Countries and their viability
7.2.1 Agro-economical requirements
7.2.2 Environmental impacts
7.2.3 Socio-economic effects
7.2.4 Intercropping – Outgrower scheme
7.2.5 The feasibility of an international certification scheme
7.3 Overview of Jatropha activities in Kenya
8. The suitability of Jatropha for decentralized energy provision
8.1 Implementing agency and project design
8.2 The Stakeholders
8.3. Materials and Methods
9. The areas of examination
9.1 The Natural Environment
9.1.1 Geology and geomorphology
9.1.2 the Soils
9.1.3 The Climate
9.1.4 Population and ethnic groups
9.2 Economics
9.2.1 Agricultural potential
9.2.2 Land-use practices
9.2.3 The importance of tree crops
10. Household energy consumption
10.1 Energy for cooking
10.2 Energy for lighting
10.3 Perceived problems in relation to different fuel sources
11. The production – Jatropha as buffer zone and hedge plant
11.1 Community knowledge about Jatropha
11.2 The importance of buffer zones to protect indigenous forests
11.2.1 Makaya - biodiversity hot spots under threat
11.2.2 Kaya Muhaka’s biodiversity
11.2.3 The Jatropha buffer zone
11.3 Production on farms – Jatropha hedges to protect food crops
11.3.1 The viability of Jatropha for a drought coping strategy
11.3.2 Productivity of Jatropha trial areas
11.3.3 Jatropha’s economic viability as a hedge plant in Kenya
12. The processing of Jatropha seeds
12.1 Combining the production of crude jatropha oil and jatropha seed cake briquettes
12.2 Financing the expeller
13. The potential of Jatropha products for household energy usage
13.1 The need for affordable and socially accepted energy appliances
13.2 The introduction of crude Jatropha oil and Jatropha seed cake briquettes – building on households’ familiarity
13.2.1 The Akiba lamp
13.2.2 Crude Jatropha oil as a renewable alternative to kerosene
13.2.3 Jatropha seed cake briquettes as a renewable alternative to firewood
14. Trading of feedstock vs. decentralized processing
14.1 The Jatropha Value Chain
14.2 Can production meet demand - a prognosis
15. Discussion and perspectives
Cited Literature
Zusammenfassung
Executive Summary
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Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen. -
Laden Sie Ihre eigenen Arbeiten hoch! Geld verdienen und iPhone X gewinnen.