The root meaning of democracy is the “power of the people” to govern the state directly or through their representatives, chosen via free and fair elections. These representatives reflect the will of the majority, but democracy also ensures the fundamental rights of minority groups. As the most popular system of government globally, democracy allows people to make decisions for themselves and the public good. Adherents of democracy and the rule of law argue that government must operate on predictable, general, and applicable rules established in advance to ensure equality, uphold laws and human rights, and deliver prompt justice. Thus, democracy and the rule of law are seen as inseparable and interdependent by political scholars, analysts, and politicians.
Since its founding in 1947, Pakistan’s political history has been marked by challenges with democracy and the rule of law. Military coups, authoritarian rule, bureaucratic interference, and political intolerance have prevented the establishment of stable political institutions. Civil and military dictators have curtailed freedoms by imposing military rule and excessive Presidential Ordinances, undermining the legislature. Judicial independence has often been compromised, with the judiciary used to extend dictatorial rule and legitimize arbitrary decisions under the pretext of “state necessity.” However, from 2008 to 2013, Pakistan saw a shift towards democratic principles. National integrity was strengthened through coalition-based government, and political tolerance was promoted by both the ruling party and the opposition. The parliament passed several laws, addressing issues such as abolishing the concurrent list and revising the resource allocation formula, which improved the rule of law. The military did not directly interfere, allowing the parliament to complete its term.
This shift in democracy and rule of law is analyzed using a qualitative approach, drawing on both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include official reports, judicial verdicts, semi-structured interviews with prominent figures, parliamentary debates, and legal and historical documents. Secondary sources comprise newspaper articles, research journals, magazines, and various books. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between democracy and the rule of law in Pakistan, highlighting key challenges and developments.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- CHAPTER 1
- NTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Hypothesis
- 1.2 Research Questions
- 1.3 Statement of the Problem
- 1.4 Objectives of the Study
- 1.5 Implications of the Study
- 1.6 Research Methodology
- 1.7 Literature Review
- 1.8 Organization of the Study
- CHAPTER 2
- THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF DEMOCRACY AND RULE OF LAW
- 2 _ 1 Theoretical Perspective o f Democratic F orm of Governments
- 2 _ 1 _ 1 Defining Democracy
- 2 _ 1 2 Types of Democracy
- 2.1 2.1 Liberal Democracy
- 2 _ 1 3 Essential Elements of Democracy
- 2.1 3.1 Separation and Balance of Powers
- 2.1 3.2 Judicial Independence
- 2.1 3.3 Political Panies: CSOs and NGOs in Pluralistic Form
- 2.1 3.4 Transparency and Accountability
- 2.1 3.5 Freedom of Political Activities
- 2 2 Theoretical Perspective of Rule of Law
- 22 1 Definition and Expl anation
- 222 Rule ofLaw: A Continual Process through Centuries
- 223 Technical Assistance for Rule of law in the Contemporary World
- 22 4 Universal Goals of Rule ofLaw
- 22 4.1 Superiority of Law over Everyone
- 22 4.2 Equality of Individuals before the Law
- 22 4.3 Maintenance of Law and Order
- 22 4.5 Efficient Justice; Predictability of Laws
- 22 4.5 Maximum Human Rights Protection
- 22 5 Development of Rule of Law
- 2 3 Linkages betue-en the Rule of Law and Democracy
- 231 Democracy and mle of Law Nexus
- 232 Preference and Completion
- 233 Compatibiliö' and Resemblance
- Chapter 3
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF DEMOCRACY AND RULE OF LAW IN PAKISTAN: 1947-2008
- 3 _ 1 Initiatiwes Taken Towards Democracy and Rule of law After Emergence of Pakistan and the Chaotic Situation of the Parliamentary System from 1951-1958
- 3 _ 1 _ 1 Collapse of Unanimous Status of the Founding P any: An Initiative towards Multi- Party System
- 3.12 Bureaucratic Intelference in Political Affairs
- 3.13 Dependent Role of Judiciary
- 3.14 Poor Pelfonnance of Political Leaders
- 3.15 Federal Parliamentary Constitution 1956 and its Demise
- 3.15 Continuation of Political Turmoil
- 3 2 Military Period of General Ayub and Yahya 1958-71
- 321 'Basic Democracies' - A Controlled Political System
- 322 Interruption of Bureaucracy
- 323 Judiciary influenced by 'State of Necessiö,•'
- 324 Rapacious Character of the Opposition
- 325 Ample Powers of the President and Consolidation of Bureaucratic Influence 80
- 326 Violent Riots and Abolition of the Gcnemrnent
- 327 Yahya Regime: A Provisional Period
- 3 3 Bhutto Regime 1971-77: Restoration of Parliamentary Government
- 331 Democratic or Period (1971-1973)
- 332 Bureaucratic Reforms in Bhutto Regime
- 333 Dominant Executiwe: Unsatisfactory Pelfonnance of the Parliarnentary
- 334 Dominant Powers of the Executive over Judiciary
- 335 Intolerable Behavior of Political Panies
- 3 4 Military Era ofGenera1Zia-u1-Haq1977-88
- 341 Authoritarian Rule of Zia Regime
- 342 Bureaucracy-_ A Pou.erftl Institution
- 343 Eclipsed Judicial Independence
- 345 Character of Political Panies in Zia Regime
- 3 5 Democratic Parliamentary Phase 1988-99
- Benazir Bhutto' s First Term 1988-1990
- 3.5 1.1 Political Contradictions
- 3.5 1.2 Interest Dliven Bureaucracy
- 3.5 1.3 Inactive P arliament
- 3.5 1.4 Judiciary
- Nawaz Sharifs First Term (1990 -1993)
- 3.5 2.1 Political Contradictions
- 3.5 2.2 The Executive on Eroding Bureaucracy
- 3.5 2.3 Military' s Political Intervention
- 3.5 2.4 Inactive P arliament
- 3.5 2.5 The 12th Amendment and Restoration of the Gowernment by Judiciary
- Benazir Bhutto' s Second Tenn 1993-1996
- 3.5 3.1 Pol itical Disagreements
- 3.5 3.2 Carel essness of the Parliament: Excessive Presidential Ordinances
- 3.5 3.3 Upholding the Dissolved Assembly by Judiciary
- Nawaz Sharifs Second Term Government 1997-1999
- 3.5 4.1 Further Political Disagreements
- 3.5 4.2 The Parliament in Haste: Bulldozing Roles and Regulations
- 3.5 4.3 Disagreements betue-en the Executive and Judiciary
- 3.5 4.4 Arbitrariness of the Gowernment and its Dissolution through Direct Military Intervention
- 3 6 Military Regime of General Musharraf 1999-2008
- 361 Legitimization of Ylilitary Dictatorship
- 362 Militarization of Bureaucracy and Reforms
- 363 Restructuring Local Golermnents in the Name of Grassroots Democracy
- 364 Antagonistic Role of Opposition
- 365 Judiciary Initiative for Change
- CHAPTER 4
- THE DYNAMICS OF DEMOCRXCY AND RULE OF LAW: 2008--3013
- 4 1 Mixed Mandate of Political Panies: Elections 2008
- 4 _ 1 _ 1 Political Compromise and Fonnation of the Coalition Government: Politics and Gowernance
- 4 2 Political Democratization : Development in Relations betwe en F ederal and Provinc ial Governments through the 7ü National Finance Commission Award
- 42 1 Developments in Relations betwe en the F e deral Government and FATA Gilgit- Baltistan: and Balochistan
- 42 1.1 FATA and Gilgit-Ba1tistan
- 42 1.2 Balochistan
- 42 2 Human Rights and Social Welfare
- 42 3 Countefierrorism and Maintenance of Law and Order
- 42 4 Civil-&filitary Relations
- 42 5 Political Participatiom Free and Pluralistic Political Activities
- 42 5.1 Activated Civil Society
- 42 5.2 Dynamical Role of Political Panies
- 4 3 Abundant Legislation of the P arliament
- 4 _3 _ 1 Removal of Arbitrary Powers of the President and Parliamentary Committee on Constitutional Reforms (PCCR)
- 4.3 2 The 1 Sth Amendment: Restorat ion of the Orig inal Constitution
- 4 _3 4 The 2æ Amendment
- 4 4 Strengthening the C oncept of Judicial Independence
- 4_4_ 1 Movement for Restoration of the Sacked Judges
- 44 2 National Re conciliation Ordinance C'RO) and the Enigma of Disqualification of the Prime Minister
- 44 3 Verdicts Strengthening Judicial Independence
- 44 4 Suo Moto Acti ons of the Apex Judiciary
- 4 5 Measuring Rule of Law
- 4 _ 5 _ 1 Supremacy ofLaw and Equality of the Individuals be fore the Law
- 4 _ 6 Opacity and Unaccountability
- 461 Missed Opportumties
- 4_6_ 1 _3 Food and Nutrition in Vulnerable Position
- CONCLUSION
- 5.1 Summary
- 5.2 Findings
- 5.3 Recommendati ons
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte
Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Demokratie und Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Pakistan, insbesondere im Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2013. Die Arbeit untersucht die wechselseitigen Beziehungen zwischen diesen beiden Konzepten und analysiert, wie sie sich gegenseitig beeinflussen und fördern. Die Dissertation zielt darauf ab, die Dynamik der Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Demokratie in Pakistan während des untersuchten Zeitraums zu beleuchten, indem sie wichtige politische Ereignisse, Reformen und Entwicklungen untersucht.
- Die wechselseitige Beziehung zwischen Demokratie und Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Pakistan
- Die Rolle der politischen Parteien und Koalitionsregierungen bei der Stärkung der Demokratie
- Die Herausforderungen und Fortschritte bei der Reform der öffentlichen Verwaltung und der Verbesserung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit
- Die Entwicklung der Beziehungen zwischen der Bundesregierung und den Provinzen, insbesondere in Bezug auf FATA, Gilgit-Baltistan und Belutschistan
- Die Auswirkungen der Wiederherstellung der Unabhängigkeit der Justiz und der Rolle der Justiz bei der Durchsetzung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel
- Kapitel 1: Die Einleitung stellt die Hypothese, die Forschungsfragen, die Zielsetzung und die Relevanz der Studie dar. Sie beschreibt die Forschungsmethodik und die wichtigsten Quellen, die für die Untersuchung verwendet werden.
- Kapitel 2: Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit dem theoretischen Rahmen der Demokratie und Rechtsstaatlichkeit. Es analysiert verschiedene Theorien und Konzepte, die diese beiden Konzepte definieren und ihre wichtigsten Elemente und Ziele beleuchten.
- Kapitel 3: Dieses Kapitel untersucht die historische Entwicklung von Demokratie und Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Pakistan von 1947 bis 2008. Es analysiert die verschiedenen Phasen der politischen Entwicklung, die durch Militärherrschaft, politische Instabilität und verschiedene Versuche, eine demokratische Ordnung zu etablieren, geprägt waren.
- Kapitel 4: Dieses Kapitel analysiert die Dynamik von Demokratie und Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Pakistan von 2008 bis 2013. Es untersucht die Auswirkungen der Wahlen von 2008, die Bildung einer Koalitionsregierung, die Wiederherstellung der Unabhängigkeit der Justiz, die Reformen in der öffentlichen Verwaltung und die Bemühungen um die Durchsetzung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit.
Schlüsselwörter
Die Schlüsselwörter und Schwerpunktthemen des Textes umfassen Demokratie, Rechtsstaatlichkeit, Pakistan, politische Entwicklung, politische Parteien, Koalitionsregierungen, öffentliche Verwaltung, Rechtsreform, Judicial Activism, Menschenrechte, Belutschistan, FATA, Gilgit-Baltistan, Terrorismusbekämpfung, Zivil-Militär-Beziehungen, Medienfreiheit und Good Governance.
- Quote paper
- Ghulam Zikria (Author), 2019, Democracy and Rule of Law in Pakistan. A Case Study of Federal Government 2008-2013, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1502593
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