Meine Bachelorthesis beschäftigt sich mit der Angewandten Verhaltensanalyse bzw. englisch: Applied Behavior Analysis. Es handelt sich um eine verhaltenstherapeutische Methode zur Therapie autistischer Kinder. Die ABA beruht auf dem Konzept der operanten Konditionierung nach Skinner, welches durch Lovaas auf die Behandlung von Kindern mit Autismus spezialisiert wurde. Vereinfacht gesprochen wird bei der ABA mit Verstärkung, Löschung und Bestrafung gearbeitet, um autistischen Kindern unerwünschte Verhaltensweisen abzuerziehen und stattdessen funktionale Alternativen zu diesen Verhaltensweisen zu etablieren. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den kontroversen Standpunkten, die hinsichtlich der ABA bestehen. Die Forschungsfrage lautet: Wie wird die Angewandte Verhaltensanalyse als Interventionsform bei autistischen Kindern hinsichtlich ihres Nutzens sowie ihrer Grenzen und Risiken bewertet?
Die Autismus-Spektrum-Störung ist eine tiefgreifende Entwicklungsstörung, die häufig bereits im Kindesalter erkennbar ist. Sie bringt Schwierigkeiten in der Kommunikation, der sozialen Interaktion und in Bezug auf stereotype Verhaltensweisen mit sich. Für viele Eltern autistischer Kinder stellt sich spätestens im Anschluss an die Diagnose die Frage, ob und wie viel Unterstützung ihr Kind benötigt und wie es bei Bedarf optimal gefördert werden kann. Es gibt eine Reihe von Interventionsangeboten für autistische Kinder, die schon im Alter von unter 3 Jahren im Rahmen der Frühförderung ansetzen. Die Therapien zielen darauf ab, den Kindern eine gelingende Lebensführung (insbesondere im Bereich Kommunikation) zu ermöglichen und sie auf Selbstständigkeit vorzubereiten.
Beim Thema Autismustherapie ist allerdings Vorsicht geboten, wenn es um die Seriosität dieser Angebote geht. Nicht selten kommt es vor, dass Eltern, die verzweifelt auf der Suche nach Hilfe oder auch "Heilung" für ihr Kind sind, verschiedenste Angebote ausprobieren, die viel Geld kosten, aber deren Wirkung nicht wissenschaftlich belegt ist. Es gibt zum Beispiel Delfin- oder auch Windsurf-"Therapien". Auch spezielle Diätkonzepte werden angeboten. Ob diese wirklich hilfreich sind, ist fraglich.
Methoden, die die Heilung von Autismus zum Ziel haben, sollten besonders streng hinterfragt werden, da Autismus nicht heilbar ist. Daher ist es aus meiner Sicht sehr wichtig, über Fördermethoden für autistische Kinder aufzuklären. Einen Beitrag zu dieser Aufklärungsarbeit möchte ich mit dieser Bachelorthesis leisten.
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