The provided text discusses various aspects related to affordable housing, housing delivery alternatives, housing scarcity, land tenure, housing finance, urban planning, vocational and skill development in construction, real estate regulations, infrastructure development, and financing strategies. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive research and analysis to address housing challenges faced by low-income populations and marginalized communities. The text mentions the proportion of individuals residing in slums within Thailand, which is estimated to be 7%. It highlights the differences in economic prosperity and development between East Asian countries (such as China, Japan, and South Korea) and Southeast Asian countries. It also discusses the role of housing finance entities like Commercial Banks, Housing Banks, and Mortgage Institutions in different Asian countries.
Abstract
The provided text discusses various aspects related to affordable housing, housing delivery alternatives, housing scarcity, land tenure, housing finance, urban planning, vocational and skill development in construction, real estate regulations, infrastructure development, and financing strategies. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive research and analysis to address housing challenges faced by low-income populations and marginalized communities. The text mentions the proportion of individuals residing in slums within Thailand, which is estimated to be 7%. It highlights the differences in economic prosperity and development between East Asian countries (such as China, Japan, and South Korea) and Southeast Asian countries. It also discusses the role of housing finance entities like Commercial Banks, Housing Banks, and Mortgage Institutions in different Asian countries.
Introduction
The investigation and examination of current advancements in the realm of affordable housing have garnered significant attention from researchers. Several trends have surfaced in this domain that bear noteworthy implications for the development, building, and cost-effectiveness of housing for households with low income 1. The multifaceted nature of the housing topic necessitates consulting diverse sources from both national and international origins to obtain a comprehensive understanding of its various aspects 2. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential correlation between various housing delivery alternatives and the problem of housing scarcity. Based on current data, the estimated proportion of individuals residing in slums within Thailand is 7% 3. The present research investigates the essential components linked to the delivery of economical housing for individuals with limited financial resources. The analysis is centred on the difficulties associated with land tenure and the acquisition of housing finance. The 11-point Action Plan is employed to examine the various alternatives that are at disposal 4. The continent of Asia, constituting 60% of the world's population, poses a diverse set of housing predicaments. Through a comparative analysis, it has been observed that East Asian nations, including China, Japan, and South Korea, demonstrate a greater degree of economic prosperity and development in contrast to Southeast Asian countries 5-6. Across Asia, there are different degrees of investment in housing finance, which are enabled by entities such as Commercial Banks, Housing Banks, and Mortgage Institutions. China, Hong Kong, and Singapore have been observed to derive benefits from the prolonged tenure of the Housing Provident Fund and Central Provident Fund. Various initiatives have been undertaken to introduce housing subsidies and cross subsidies, with the objective of conferring benefits to marginalised communities 7-8.
In light of the ongoing recovery of the global economy from the financial crisis that was initiated by the subprime mortgage market, a multitude of experts are conducting analyses to determine the underlying causes of the near-collapse of the global financial system 9. This is despite the implementation of sophisticated risk management and corporate governance systems in major international banks 10. The banks in question made investments in securities that had been assigned a AAA rating, but were subsequently found to be of subpar quality and associated with the subprime market 11. The existence of the derivatives market has enabled the potential for properties to be overpriced. As part of a comprehensive housing and urban development initiative in Iraq, there was a need to address the housing needs of a population of two million individuals by providing affordable housing options 12. The research suggests that achieving optimal results in Building Materials and Technologies requires a balanced integration of both traditional and modern construction materials and techniques. The discourse concerns the societal and ecological aspects of the aforementioned alternatives 13. The current investigation highlights the diverse methodologies employed to guarantee the effective operation of a supply chain. The provision of housing finance is a crucial prerequisite for attaining affordable housing within a given nation 14. Over an extended duration, Iraq experienced a dearth of institutional financing models, such as Housing Banks or Housing Finance companies, despite the presence of state-funded initiatives 15. The research conducted proposes a comprehensive range of recommendations that focus on the establishment of a National Housing Fund, Bulk Construction Housing Finance, Retail Housing Finance, and Insurance products for Risk Mitigation 16.
The text touches upon the global financial crisis initiated by the subprime mortgage market, the need for effective risk management and corporate governance in international banks, and the impact of derivatives on property prices. In the context of Iraq, the text mentions efforts to provide affordable housing options for a population of two million individuals, the integration of traditional and modern construction materials and techniques, and the importance of addressing societal and ecological aspects in housing alternatives 17-181920. The text highlights the significance of participatory decision-making processes between local governments and community groups, legal frameworks surrounding real estate and property investments, vocational and skill development for construction workers, and the importance of skill matching with labor market demands [21]. Furthermore, it discusses the role of national and regional bodies like the National Skill Development Corporation and the Construction Sector Skill Council in enhancing skill standards and labor market information systems. It also references a UN document on sustainable urbanization and the need to address environmental, demographic, economic, and socio-spatial factors in urban planning 22.
Strategies for low-cost housing
It is imperative to devise effective strategies that can enhance the capacity of marginalised communities both at the grassroots level and within the institutional framework of local governance 23. There is a strong advocacy for local governments to adopt participatory decision-making processes in collaboration with community groups. The implementation of pilot projects in the townships of Cape Town has been characterised by an inclusive approach. The author provides a thorough analysis of the legal framework surrounding real estate and property investments, encompassing a detailed explanation of the relevant property laws and statutes that regulate the sale, lease, mortgage, and gifting of immovable property under various legal provisions 24. The subject matter of inheritance has been comprehensively analysed. Extensive research has been conducted on the subject of Rent Control Acts and their subsequent modifications. The focus of the discourse concerns the Real Estate Consumer Protection Act enacted in 1986 25. The establishment of a Real Estate Regulator by the government is currently under discussion. The current assemblage of legislation pertaining to the Real Estate industry is considered to be of superior calibre. The study pertains to the Transfer of Property Act of 1882, Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulations) Act of 1976, Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, Land Acquisition Act of 1894, and the newly promulgated LARR Act 26. Furthermore, the research incorporates an examination of the Ownership Acts pertaining to flats in the states of Maharashtra, Delhi, and Karnataka. The current research investigates the issues related to Leave and Licence, Stamp Duty Ready Reckoner, and Competition Commission in the Real Estate sector 27.
The importance of improving vocational and skill development among construction workers is emphasised due to its potential impact on enhancing productivity, efficiency, and quality of construction. The research highlights the lack of a well-defined institutional structure for imparting training to the large workforce in the construction industry. This is despite the efforts made by several organisations, including the Ministry of Labour and Employment, ITI's, CIDC, HUDCO (through Building Centres), NSDC, and private sector entities such as L&T, HCC, IC, and Dr Fixit Institute 28. The significance of implementing a holistic strategy for enhancing skill sets across various professions has been underscored. The construction sector, with a workforce of around 33 million and ranking as the second largest employer, necessitates a proficient and certified construction labour force. The direct advantages of construction are manifested in the form of enhanced safety, reduced cost, increased speed, and improved quality. The current investigation involves an examination of the training techniques utilised at the training facility and practical on-site training. The present study aims to explicate the underlying reasoning behind the issuance of certificates that are based on standardised testing and overall performance benchmarks for each construction trade. It is anticipated that the existence of demand-side pressure will prompt a corresponding reaction from the supply side 29.
[...]
1 IITM, Material properties and assessment of gypcrete building panels, indian institute of technology, Madras, india; September 2002. Project no. CE/BTCM/2557/2002, 2002
2 Rapid wall manufacturer (2012) Rapidwall installation manual, Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.
3 Brixi, N.K., Sail, L., Bezzar, A.: Application of ascorbic acid as green corrosion inhibitor of reinforced steel in concrete pore solutions contaminated with chlorides. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 36, 1176–1199 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2021.1962090.
4 Dong, Y., Pei, L., Fu, J., Yang, Y., Liu, T., Liang, H., Yang, H.: Investigating the Mechanical Properties and Durability of Metakaolin-Incorporated Mortar by Different Curing Methods. Materials (Basel). 15, (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062035.
5 Kumar, K., Bansal, M., Garg, R.R., Garg, R.R.: Mechanical strength analysis of fly-ash based concrete in presence of red mud. Mater. Today Proc. 52, 472–476 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.233.
6 Garg, R., Garg, R., Eddy, N.O.: Influence of pozzolans on properties of cementitious materials: A review. Adv. Nano Res. 11, 423–436 (2021). https://doi.org/10.12989/anr.2021.11.4.423.
7 Garg, R., Biswas, T., Alam, M.D.D., Kumar, A., Siddharth, A., Singh, D.R.: Stabilization of expansive soil by using industrial waste. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2070, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012238.
8 Singh, A., Singla, S., Garg, R., Garg, R.: Performance analysis of Papercrete in presence of Rice husk ash and Fly ash. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 961, 012010 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/961/1/012010.
9 Garg, R., Garg, R., Chaudhary, B., Mohd. Arif, S.: Strength and microstructural analysis of nano-silica based cement composites in presence of silica fume. Mater. Today Proc. 46, 6753–6756 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.291.
10 Sidhu, R., Bansal, M., Bath, G.S., Garg, R.: Impact of stubble burning on the ambient air quality. Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng. 3, 72–76 (2015).
11 Rishav Garg, Manjeet Bansal, Yogesh Aggarwal: Split Tensile Strength of Cement Mortar Incorporating Micro and Nano Silica at Early Ages. Int. J. Eng. Res. V5, 16–19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.17577/ijertv5is040078.
12 Garg, R., Garg, R., Eddy, N.O.: Microbial induced calcite precipitation for self-healing of concrete: a review. J. Sustain. Cem. Mater. 12, 317–330 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2022.2054477.
13 Prasad Bhatta, D., Singla, S., Garg, R.: Experimental investigation on the effect of Nano-silica on the silica fume-based cement composites. Mater. Today Proc. 57, 2338–2343 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.190.
14 Fani, G.M., Singla, S., Garg, R., Garg, R.: Investigation on Mechanical Strength of Cellular Concrete in Presence of Silica Fume. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/961/1/012008.
15 Mehta, S.K., Jain, R., Sharma, S., Bhasin, K.K.: Interaction of poly(ethylene glycol)-400 with tetraethylammonium bromide in aqueous media. J. Mol. Liq. 122, 15–20 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2004.12.007.
16 Kumar, K., Bansal, M., Garg, R.R., Garg, R.R.: Penetration and strength analysis of pervious concrete. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2070, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012244.
17 Biswas, T., Garg, R., Ranjan, H., Kumar, A., Pandey, G., Yadav, K.: Study of expansive soil stabilized with agricultural waste. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2070, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012237.
18 Bansal, M., Garg, R., Garg, V.K., Garg, R., Singh, D.: Sequestration of heavy metal ions from multi-metal simulated wastewater systems using processed agricultural biomass. Chemosphere. 296, 133966 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133966.
19 Garg, R., Garg, R., Okon Eddy, N., Ibrahim Almohana, A., Fahad Almojil, S., Amir Khan, M., Ho Hong, S.: Biosynthesized silica-based zinc oxide nanocomposites for the sequestration of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. J. King Saud Univ. - Sci. 34, 101996 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101996.
20 Garg, R., Garg, R., Khan, M.A., Bansal, M., Garg, V.K.: Utilization of biosynthesized silica-supported iron oxide nanocomposites for the adsorptive removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1–10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21111-2.
21 Garg, R., Rani, P., Garg, R., Khan, M.A., Khan, N.A., Khan, A.H., Américo-Pinheiro, J.H.P.: Biomedical and catalytic applications of agri-based biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. Environ. Pollut. 310, 119830 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119830.
22 Eddy, N.O., Ukpe, R.A., Ameh, P., Ogbodo, R., Garg, R., Garg, R.: Theoretical and experimental studies on photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MetB) from aqueous solution using oyster shell synthesized CaO nanoparticles (CaONP-O). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22747-w.
23 Rani, S., Sharma, S., Bansal, M., Garg, R., Garg, R.: Enhanced Zn(II) adsorption by chemically modified sawdust based biosorbents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22963-4.
24 Eddy, N.O., Garg, R.: CaO Nanoparticles. In: Handbook of Research on Green Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials. pp. 247–268 (2021). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8936-6.ch011.
25 Garg, R., Garg, R., Okon Eddy, N.: Handbook of Research on Green Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials. IGI Global (2022). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8936-6.
26 Garg, R., Garg, R.: Performance evaluation of polypropylene fiber waste reinforced concrete in presence of silica fume. Mater. Today Proc. 43, 809–816 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.482.
27 Bhardwaj, S., Lata, S., Garg, R.: Application of nanotechnology for preventing postharvest losses of agriproducts. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 98, 31–44 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2022.2091488.
28 Bhardwaj, S., Lata, S., Garg, R.: Phyto-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acmella oleracea leaf extract: Antioxidant and catalytic activity. Pharmacogn. Mag. 18, 22 (2022). https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_586_20.
29 Garg, R., Garg, R.: Nanotechnology and How it Works. Possible Ways to Use and Apply Nanotechnology. Grin Verlag. (2022).
- Quote paper
- R. C. Nivita (Author), 2022, Global Prospective and Strategies for Low-cost Housing. A Review, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1367901
-
-
-
-
Upload your own papers! Earn money and win an iPhone X. -
-
Upload your own papers! Earn money and win an iPhone X. -
-
Upload your own papers! Earn money and win an iPhone X. -
-
Upload your own papers! Earn money and win an iPhone X. -
-
Upload your own papers! Earn money and win an iPhone X. -
-
Upload your own papers! Earn money and win an iPhone X.