The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aims to conduct comprehensive primary and secondary research in order to evaluate and determine the best layouts and formats that can benefit completely blind individuals while making use of assistive technologies. This will involve evaluation of list vs. grid view, tabbed vs. windowed interface, audio queues vs. visual notifications and text labels vs. icons.

Second, it aims at determining the extent to which Windows OS, its variants and other Operating Systems, such as Apple OS and Linux can be adopted to enhance the usability of assistive technologies by completely blind individuals. A tertiary aim here is to fill in the research gaps that prevail with regards to assistive technology usage.

One major advantage of the ongoing developments in Information and Communication Technology is the invention of assistive technologies that aim to make life easier for individuals with disabilities. With the passage of time, the total number of people with disabilities is increasing at a steady rate. According to the recent statistics reported by the World Bank, at least 15% of the global population suffers from some form of disability.

This implies that among 1 billion disabled individuals at least 190 million individuals suffer from significant disabilities that reflect directly on their overall standard of living. What makes the situation even worse is that such disabilities adversely affect the socioeconomic wellbeing of individuals, characterized by low education levels and opportunities, lower level of employment opportunities, high rate of poverty and poor health outcomes.

Research also suggests that the population of disabled individuals is higher in developing countries, while their related socioeconomic barriers are also severe. This is mainly because of an absence of adaptive communication mechanisms, appropriate educational institutions for the disabled, and inability to institutionalize assistive technologies to education and work dynamics.

Excerpt

Chapter 1: Background
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Theoretical Foundations for the Study
1.3. Problem Statement
1.4. Purpose of the Study
1.5. Study Description
1.6. Overview of Methodology
1.7. Limitations and Assumptions
1.7.1. Limitations
1.7.2. Assumptions
1.8. Chapter Summary

Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Refreshable Braille Display
2.3. Speech Recognition
2.4. Screen Readers
2.5. Text to Speech
2.6. Chapter Summary

Key Terms

1. Usability: The extent to which a human-developed program can be utilized and learned conveniently.
2. Navigation: The ability of a user of a computer program or software to route through the various pages, tabs, areas and features on the screen.
3. Interactability: The extent to which an end-user can interact with the computer system while abiding by the principles of Human Computer Interaction.
4. Human-Computer Interaction: The activities and interactions that happen during a single usage session of a computer system or program.
5. Accessibility: The extent to which an end-user can approach the various utilities, features and attributes of a computer software or program.

Chapter 1: Background

1.1. Introduction

One major advantage of the ongoing developments in Information and Communication Technology is the invention of assistive technologies that aim to make life easier for individuals with disabilities. With the passage of time, the total number of people with disabilities is increasing at a steady rate. According to the recent statistics reported by the World Bank, at least 15% of the global population suffers from some form of disability¹. This implies that among 1 billion disabled individuals at least 190 million individuals suffer from significant disabilities that reflect directly on their overall standard of living. What makes the situation even worse is that such disabilities adversely affect the socioeconomic wellbeing of individuals, characterized by low education levels and opportunities, lower level of employment opportunities, high rate of poverty and poor health outcomes. Research also suggests that the population of disabled individuals is higher in developing countries, while their related socioeconomic barriers are also severe. This is mainly because of an absence of adaptive communication mechanisms, appropriate educational institutions for the disabled, and inability to institutionalize assistive technologies to education and work dynamics.

It is also a notable argument that individuals with a certain disability tend to have a higher morale and improved skills in other areas; however, empirical evidence to validate this argument is still lacking. For instance, visually impaired individuals tend to have improved sensory capabilities and cognitive capability, as highlighted by the Live Science institute². To a great extent, the normal population is also to blame for the continuous decline in living standards of the disabled. The normal population in most parts of the world appears to oppose the participation of the disabled in their society. Discriminatory prejudice is also prevalent in the professional dynamics, where workplaces do not seem to have any tolerance for including disabled individuals to their payroll. Under such a scenario, the development of new and improved assistive technology is ray of hope that can help the disabled individuals survive in the competitive world of today.

This chapter aims to build a thorough background on the presence and availability of assistive technologies integrated into the Windows Operating System that could potentially enhance usability among the visually impaired individuals. Considering the vastness of disabilities in the present world, it is impossible to put together a research study that takes account of all assistive technologies in one go. Therefore, this paper exclusively focuses on individuals that are visually impaired and completely lack the sense of sight. As such, the purpose of this paper to determine the extent to which completely blind individuals can utilize the Windows Operating System to enhance the overall usability of computing devices. Usability is an important measure in the field of IT, which relates to the extent to which end-users are able to make optimum use of the device at hand. Usability is not exclusively limited to devices, but also extends to include the various applications and software developed for the visually impaired. The paper considers usability as the central point of focus here, while considering the Microsoft Windows OS. Successful completion of this research study will help in identifying the ideal layout and formatting that can enable maximum usability of Windows OS by the visually impaired. This will assist in mitigating, if not eliminating, the usability and accessibility barriers.

1.2. Theoretical Foundations for the Study

One thing that matters the most in science and technology is the application of theory to practice. This requires complete understanding of the theoretical foundations and concepts underlying a particular area of study. The current study considers assistive technologies integrated with the use of the Microsoft Windows Operating System. The rationale behind considering the Windows OS as the central area of study is that this platform offers significant support for assistive technologies for the blind individuals. However, it is important to consider the basic theoretical and conceptual frameworks involved. With regards to assistive technology, there are several theoretical frameworks worth consideration³. To begin with, the SETT framework proposed by Zabala in the mid-90s is noteworthy. The SETT model comprises of Student, Environment, Tasks and Tools, and significantly aids in the collection, organization and analysis of data, which can in turn be utilized for designing new and improved assistive technologies. Although originally intended for students with special needs, the SETT framework is of significance in understanding how best to collect, organize and analyze data for assistive technologies and their subsequent development. The main points of this theoretical framework for assistive technology include the following;

- Students:
- The special needs of students / end-users; visual impairment in this case.
- The current abilities of students / end-users; other abilities.

- Environment:
- The equipment and materials available to visually impaired individuals.
- The resources available to individuals supporting the visually impaired.

- Tasks:
- Activities that take place in a particular environment.
- Critical elements of these activities.

- Tools:
- Best strategies, formats and layouts to maximize usability of assistive technologies; a major objective of the current research study.
- Interoperability of these strategies across other forms of disabilities.

The Assistive Technology CoPlanner Model is yet another important theoretical contribution in the field of Assistive Technology⁴. Their theoretical underpinnings led to the development of a CoPlanner groupware aimed at facilitating communication, collaboration and co-planning; points that are quintessential for individuals with disabilities. The groupware comprised of planning systems and worksheets that can be tweaked to support various Assistive Technology applications and software. The ABC model is also worth consideration here, since it highlights the three major capabilities of Assistive Technology for individuals with disabilities described in what follows;

- Augment: Use of Assistive Technology can augment the capabilities of individuals with disabilities. For example, proper use of Assistive Technology can augment the ability of blind individuals to a great extent⁵.
- Bypass: Assistive technology can help the disabled in bypassing their disability and contribute towards the betterment of society. For example, use of Braille Displays can help the visually impaired to put their imagination to use and bypass their disability for the better⁶.
- Compensate: Assistive technology can compensate for prevailing disabilities, such as blindness or hearing aid.

Since this paper focuses on the adoption of the Windows OS to enhance usability for the visually impaired individuals, it is important to consider the characteristics that facilitate successful adoption. In doing so, the framework proposed by Kintsch and DePaula is of specific importance, as it puts together an array of relevant characteristics linked with users, caregivers, Assistive Technology specialists and developers⁷. According to this framework, main characteristics for successful adoption on part of the users include;

- Desire to change the way they can perform certain activities through AT.
- A high tolerance to frustration and self-motivation.
- Take pride in using the Assistive Technology and integrated platforms.
- Demonstrate willingness towards using the available tools for everyday activities.

The aforementioned models and theories can significantly help in developing a greater comprehension of how usability can be enhanced among the completely blind individuals.

1.3. Problem Statement

While empirical evidence is of prime significance for any scientific research study to be rationalized, one major issue with regards to assistive technology is that there is no empirical evidence that evaluates the numerous layout and formats of representation involved in the Windows Operating System. Similarly, not much retrospective data is available that could help understand the usability of the different operating systems with respect in assistive technology. For example, operating systems such as a Mac OSX and Linux may also be utilized for assistive technology support by the completely blind individuals. Therefore, it is pivotal to initially explore the major layouts and formats of data organization that can be best utilized in combination with the key assistive technologies, such as Braille displays, screen readers and speech recognition by completely blind individuals. To be specific, the current research study will focus on 4 major assistive technologies in order to narrow down the overall scope of this research. These technologies will include refreshable braille displays, speech recognition systems, screen readers and text-to-speech systems⁸. The rationale behind selecting these 4 technologies is that they have a higher degree of usage as compared with other less-utilized technologies. Furthermore, the 4 technologies are also highly developed as opposed to other technologies that are relatively less developed and in the stages of infancy.

Secondly, it is also essential to consider the extent to which Windows Operating System can be adopted by the visually impaired individuals by actively indulging in primary research. This requires consideration to other operating systems that also offer support for assistive technology along with the different variants of the Windows OS itself.

1.4. Purpose of the Study

RQ1: What are the prominent assistive technologies currently available for use by visually impaired individuals?

RQ2: What are the most viable layouts and formats for organizing and presenting data to visually impaired individuals?

RQ3: To what extent can the adoption of Windows OS enhance the usability of assistive technology by visually impaired individuals?

Hypotheses

The current study hypothesizes that;

H1: Data presented in list layout is more suitable for blind users compared to grid layout, whereas, audio feedback and text labels are most efficient over visual ques and graphics.

H2: Windows 7 and higher variants are highly adaptive and in use by blind individuals compared with Windows XP, Apple OS and Linux OS.

H3: Screen readers cannot effectively interface with complex data structures.

1.5. Study Description

The project will focus on adapting windows for efficient use by completely blind individuals. Despite the availability of screen readers, refreshable braille displays, Speech recognition and text to speech; users still experience difficulties in navigating and synthesizing the presented data. This has a negative impact on usability and acts as a major accessibility barrier. Effectiveness of any technology solution directly depends upon its usability by the intended target audience. Unless the end-users are capable of making optimum use, the technology solution can be deemed unsuccessful. The screen reader and Braille displays are designed to present information, which is considered sufficient by the developers. This implies that the two technologies are developed with features depending upon the developer’s discretion. The issue here is that it does not take into account data complexity, layout and format under the constraint of keyboard navigation.

As indicated earlier, this study will investigate and evaluate the various layouts and formats for data presentation, including list vs. grid view, tabbed vs. windowed interface, audio ques vs. visual notifications, and text labels vs. icons in order to determine the best layout and formatting of data. This will help in identifying layouts and formats that offer best interoperability with screen readers and Braille displays, thereby reducing the need for expensive screen readers and sighted assistance. Analysis will be conducted through empirical study; collection of data through survey and hands on observations; Usability Evaluation and Accessibility Testing. A modularized architecture implementation will be used for the imposed solution as this is suitable for effective modification of the various components.

1.6. Overview of Methodology

Although preliminary secondary research helped in highlighting lack of substantial empirical evidence, yet the current study will still undertake a comprehensive literature survey to gather as many credible sources possible. The study will adhere to the mixed-methods approach, focusing on both qualitative and quantitative research design; however, qualitative research will be given more attention. Literature regarding the key assistive technologies available for visually impaired individuals will be gathered through various databases. Secondary data sources may include journals, periodicals, and organizational websites. Primary data will also be collected in order to add to the existing literature. Primary data will be acquired through a semi-structured questionnaire with a combination of both, open and close-ended questions. 5-point Likert scale will be utilized for the close-ended questions. The questionnaire will be provided in both, textual and audible formats to help the participants answer questions appropriately. The survey questionnaires will be submitted electronically, which will be followed by interview sessions with the participants through voice-calls over the internet in order to save time and effort. Interviews will be based on the responses gathered through the survey questionnaire. Direct observations and documentary analysis in combination with a Manual Accessibility Evaluation for testing will also be utilized as key methods for primary research. With manual evaluation, an accessibility evaluator will utilize direct inspection and helper tools (such as special browser add-ons) to confirm issues found by automated tools, look for other issues that automatic tools cannot detect, and assess accessibility content for meaning and usability. For example, only a human evaluator can determine if the text label for a visual representation is a meaningful equivalent of its representation.

Screen Reader Accessibility Evaluation will also be utilized. In this manual approach, different screen reader software will be used to replicate the user experience and the accessibility difficulties will be identified and documented. The benefit is that because visually impaired and blind screen reader users typically use a keyboard rather than a mouse, this method also provides insights into keyboard accessibility with respect to navigation. A subsequent post-comparative analysis will also be conducted to test the solution against the existing software.

Tools and materials for the study have been listed below;

- Microsoft Windows® Automated Installation Kit (AIK) used to build windows customization.
- Regedit will be used for making registry changes.
- HxD Hexeditor.
- Resource Editor.
- Bcdedit will be used for boot modifications.
- olly dbg will be used as the debugger.
- Universal Extractor will be utilized for extracting device drivers.
- Audacity for adding audio notifications
- Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM) for extending support for various hardware.
- Winrar sfx for integrating application packages.
- Xml.

1.7. Limitations and Assumptions

1.7.1. Limitations

For the current study, one key limitation is that of the sample size, which may not be considered representative of the entire population. According to standard scientific research, results of an empirical study cannot be generalized upon the entire population unless the sample size is adequate. Thus, future researchers need to replicate this study while involving a larger sample size in order to validate and generalize the findings. The reason behind involving a small sample size is the limited availability of time and financial resources. In order to conduct a comprehensive research study, significant time and financial resources will be required. Since the assistive technologies are constantly evolving along with the Windows Operating Systems, it is also imperative to consider conducting cross-sectional studies that compare usability in the past and present environments.

1.7.2. Assumptions

It is assumed that the research participants will communicate the answers to questions in a clear and understandable manner, and to the best of their knowledge. Furthermore, the study assumes the inclusion criteria for the sample size to be appropriate, thereby validating that the participants share visual impairment as a significant disability.

1.8. Chapter Summary

This chapter aimed at building a thorough background on the research topic and the associated components. The chapter highlighted several theoretical and conceptual frameworks in order to help develop a greater understanding of the purpose and functioning of assistive technologies. It highlights the lack of empirical evidence identifying the most effective formats and layouts among list vs. grid view, tabbed vs. windowed interface, audio ques vs. visual notifications, and text labels vs. icons, and the adoption of Windows OS as opposed to other operating systems in order to enhance usability of assistive technologies among completely blind individuals, while describing how these gaps will be covered. Primary and secondary research will be utilized to help answer the research questions documented in this chapter. Survey questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentation are highlighted as research methods for primary research. Materials and resources to be utilized for this study are enlisted accordingly.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1. Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is present a comprehensive literature review on the available systems that can help the visually impaired in effectively operating the Microsoft Windows operating system. The chapter takes into consideration a vast variety of resources in order to understand how the available systems work and the major products being offered. Furthermore, the chapter also aims to review the major issues reported against each system.

2.2. Refreshable Braille Display

A major advantage of the present day Information and Communication Technologies is that it has catered to the needs of disabled persons significantly. As such, technological advancements have enabled disabled individuals to learn to work with computer systems. One such advancement worthy of consideration is the Braille system, which was devised by Louis Braille in 1821⁹. This system proved effective in helping the Blind and Visually Impaired (BVI) to read and write. The Braille system comprises of cells of six raised docs that are arranged by three vertical dots and two horizontal dots numbered from 1 to 61. A detailed specification of these characters is presented in appendix 1. It is through the presence and absence of these dots that the visually impaired can identify codes for different symbols to make complete words and sentences. At present, many countries have initiated the development of braille systems based on this central principle; however, these systems may differ in terms of cell dimensions and spacing.

Attention to braille systems is increasing with the passage of time, as governments are more interested in improving the welfare of disabled persons. This has resultantly compelled the governments to implement legislations and policies that can assist BVI in becoming a part of their communities. Such an inclination has also increased the level of research and development being carried out towards the development of braille systems that are more effective. Refreshable braille displays have recently been developed, which range between 40 to 80 cells and electronically raise or lower the various pin combinations to offer information access on the computer screen¹⁰. Refreshable braille displays are different from the traditional systems in a sense that it can continuously change with the movement of the cursor across the braille display screen. The disabled persons can move the cursor around through various methods, including the cursor routing keys, the command keys or the Windows commands built into the refreshable braille displays. Some prominent refreshable braille display products include;

- ALVA BC680: This is a unique 80 cell braille display that is compatible across a variety of platforms¹¹.
- ALVA USB 640: Manufactured by the same company, this braille display is somewhat compact, featuring a 40-cell braille display instead of an 80-cell braille display, which also makes it less costly¹².
- Braille Star 40: This is yet another 40-cell braille display manufactured by Triumphonic, which differs from others through its unique ‘Scratchpad’ offering enhanced accessibility to the visually impaired users¹³.
- Brailliant B 80: This is also a famous braille display featuring 80-cells, making it more accessible to the visually impaired¹⁴.

The National Federation of the Blind conducted a review of the available devices that offer refreshable braille displays to the disabled individuals¹⁵. The study involved the major operating systems, including Windows and JAWS, Windows and NVDA, Mac OSX with voiceover, iOS with voiceover, Chrome and ChromeVox and Android and BrailleBack3. Results of the study revealed that one key user requirement for refreshable braille display is customization. As such, the study concludes that the braille systems that offer customizability to the disabled are more effective3. The JAWS system enables the visually impaired individuals to practically use the entire Windows OS entirely through the braille display even by individuals with the least level of skills. However, a key issue with the JAWS system is its initial setup, which is highly complicated in essence, also making it significantly time consuming 3. The study considers NVDA braille display as simplistic in nature; however, a major issue with this display is that it fails to utilize contracted braille as input3.

Perhaps a more valuable finding with regards to refreshable braille displays is associated with the Mac OSX with voiceover. According to the same study, this system holds a unique capability to connect to several braille displays 3. This implies that Mac OSX with voiceover can be of assistance in classroom environments for the visually impaired individuals. Nonetheless, this system still suffers because of its inability to run complete commands through voiceover, making the presence of a QWERTY keyboard mandatory 3. Additional time and cost factors get involved when the users have to move away from the braille display to use the keyboard for typing; purchasing the keyboard adds to the current cost of the display.

Although continuous research and development is in progress to develop low cost refreshable braille displays that cost as low as $1300¹⁶, yet a major issue with regards to all braille displays is that they are high priced, and range between $3500 to $15,000 depending on the uniqueness and features¹⁷. Research also suggests that the users need to learn routing commands in order to make optimum use of the braille displays, making it even difficult to learn and use¹⁸.

2.3. Speech Recognition

Another noteworthy system that is widely available today to assist the visually impaired is speech recognition. Speech recognition system, in its simplest form, can be defined as a system that holds the ability to identify the spoken words, interpret them into a machine-understandable language, and execute the spoken commands¹⁹. These systems operate through specialized algorithms of language and acoustic modeling. Language modeling algorithms help the machines in matching sounds with sequence of different words in order to differentiate between them on the basis of the sound. On the other hand, acoustic modeling allows the machine to understand and interpret the relationship between the spoken linguistic units and the audio signals generated at a particular instance²⁰.

It is appropriate to mention some major speech recognition systems that are leading the way in this industry. To begin with, Baidu and Hound are worth consideration. Baidu is considered as the world’s smartest speech recognition system that is currently being utilized in China as the principle search engine²¹. Bearing in mind the fact that the performance of speech recognition can be evaluated in terms of speed and accuracy, Baidu holds 96% accuracy and can process inputs quite efficiently8. This speech recognition is built into smartphones and other smart devices, and makes use of the Deep Speech 2 software developed in Silicon Valley8. The Deep Speech 2 software is adaptive, and learned to perform speech recognition by listening to thousands of hours of recordings in English and Mandarin languages while also reading their transcripts.

The second most accurate speech recognition system available for the visually impaired is the Hound app, developed SoundHound, a Silicon Valley based company. The Hound app holds 95% accuracy and is as efficient as Baidu9. The app holds the ability to perform various tasks, such as calculations, opening different apps, showing events and calendars along with weather updates through speech recognition. Another unique capability of this speech recognition system is that it can identify songs along with the ones that are hummed into it9.

One key issue associated with speech recognition systems is that they are far from learning the different accents and speech pitches²². This makes speech recognition systems practically useless for the visually impaired individuals who do not have an adequate level of training with respect to speech recognition systems. Also, training the visually impaired individuals is a major issue in itself, since training such individuals requires them to use visual readers to learn the pronunciation, pitch and tone of each word to be spoken. Another issue associated with the use of speech recognition systems is that they rarely support languages other than English or Mandarin. There is a need to develop speech recognition systems that could support multiple languages in order to facilitate visually impaired individuals from all around the world. A more pressing concern here is that despite the development of speech recognition technology in the early 90s, these issues still remain as is.

[...]

¹ World Bank Group. 2018. "Disability Inclusion". Worldbankgroup.org. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability

² Sara, Miller. 2018. "Why Other Senses May Be Heightened In Blind People". Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/58373-blindness-heightened-senses.html.

³ Zabala, Joy. 2002. " Get SETT for successful inclusion and transition". IDonline. http://www.ldonline.org/ ld_indepth/technology/zabalaSETT1.html

⁴ Haines, Leonard and Sanche, Robert. 2000. " Assessment models and software support for assistive technology teams". Diagnostique. 25(3), 291-306

⁵ Lewis, R.B., 1993. Special education technology: Classroom applications. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

⁶ Sarkar, Ruman, and Smita Das. 2012. "Analysis Of Different Braille Devices For Implementing A Cost-Effective And Portable Braille System For The Visually Impaired People". International Journal Of Computer Applications 60 (9): 1-5. doi:10.5120/9717-3073.

⁷ Kintsch, Anja and DePaula, Rogerio. 2014. "A Framework for the Adoption of Assistive Technology ". University of Colorado. http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/clever/assets/pdf/ak-swaaac02.pdf

⁸ American Foundation for the Blind. "Screen Readers". 2017. Afb.org. http://www.afb.org/prodBrowseCatResults.aspx?CatID=49.

⁹ Sarkar, Ruman, and Smita Das. 2012. "Analysis Of Different Braille Devices For Implementing A Cost-Effective And Portable Braille System For The Visually Impaired People". International Journal Of Computer Applications 60 (9): 1-5. doi:10.5120/9717-3073.

¹⁰ American Foundation for the Blind"Refreshable Braille Displays - Browse Results - American Foundation For The Blind". 2018. Afb.Org. http://www.afb.org/prodBrowseCatResults.aspx?CatID=43.

¹¹ Optelec. "Products and Webshop". 2018. Optelec.com. https://uk.optelec.com/products/abc-680-en-uk-alva-bc680.html.

¹² Optelec International. "Products". 2018. Optelec.com. https://in.optelec.com/products/alva-usb-640-comfort.html.

¹³ Apple Support. "Use a Handy Tech Braille Star 40 display with VoiceOver ". 2018. Support.apple.com. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204503.

¹⁴ Humanware. "Brailliant B 80”. 2018. Humanware.com. https://store.humanware.com/hus/brailliant-b-80-new-generation.html

¹⁵ Mason, Amy. "State of Refreshable Braille Support". 2017. Nfb.org. https://nfb.org/blog/state-refreshable-braille-support.

¹⁶ Hackett, Alix. "A Low-cost Revolution in Refreshable braille". 2016. Perkins.org. http://www.perkins.org/stories/a-low-cost-revolution-in-refreshable-braille

¹⁷ American Foundation for the Blind. "Refreshable Braille Displays". 2017. Afb.org. http://www.afb.org/prodBrowseCatResults.aspx?CatID=43.

¹⁸ Perkins School for the Blind. "Getting Started with an iPad and Refreshable Braille Display ". 2018. Perkinselearning.org. http://www.perkinselearning.org/technology/getting-started/ipad-refreshable-braille-display

¹⁹ Asha, S., and C. Chellappan. 2011. "Voice Activated E-Learning System For The Visually Impaired". International Journal Of Computer Applications 14 (7): 42-51. doi:10.5120/1892-2514.

²⁰ Rouse, M. "Speech Recognition." 2018. Techtarget.com. http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/speech-recognition

²¹ Ryan, Kevin, J. "Who's Smartest: Alexa, Siri, and or Google Now?." 2018. inc.com. https://www.inc.com/kevin-j-ryan/internet-trends-7-most-accurate-word-recognition-platforms.html

²² Kambeyanda, Dona, Lois Singer, and Stan Cronk. "Potential problems associated with use of speech recognition products."Assistive Technology 9, no. 2 (1997): 95-101.

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Details

Title: Increased Usability of Assistive Technology among Individuals who are Completely Blind. The Adaptation of Windows Operating System
College: National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad (Institute of Management Sciences)
Course: IT
Grade: A
Publication Year: 2018
Pages: 63
Catalog Number: V1325267
ISBN (PDF): 9783346820754
ISBN (Book): 9783346820761
Language: English
Tags: Usability Navigation Interaction Human-Computer Interaction Accessibility

Quote paper: Anonymous,, 2018, Increased Usability of Assistive Technology among Individuals who are Completely Blind. The Adaptation of Windows Operating System, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1325267

Increased Usability of Assistive Technology among Individuals who are Completely Blind. The Adaptation of Windows Operating System