This review was focused to assess the current status of climate change impact on production and reproduction performance of Cattle under Global condition. Climate is one of the determining factors for production and reproduction in farm animals throughout the world. Its effect is higher in cattle than in other ruminants. Cattle, beef and dairy can be affected by heat stress, particularly in feedlot situations or when grazing fescue-infected pastures. Climate change affects both male and female reproductive performance of cattle by altering their physiological process. In contrast of this, cattle are the most contributors for climate change causes than other farm animal. To minimize climate change impacts on animal(cattle), the climate adaptation and mitigation measures such as diversification of animals (within species), using different crop varieties, and shifting to mixed crop-livestock systems, improving productive and reproductive indexes (reducing age on slaughter, age at first calving and calving interval), increasing the longevity of reproductive cows; improving the genetic merit, improving quality and type of feed and provide ventilation, water, and shading seem to be the most promising adaptation and mitigation measures.
Table of contents
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Global Climate Change and Animals
2.2. Climate Change and Agro-Ecological Zones
2.3. Climate Change and Food Security
2.4. Current Status of Climate Change and Cattle
2.5. Effects of Climate Change on Cattle Production
2.6. The Direct Effects
2.6.1. Effects on animal disease
2.7. The Indirect Effects
2.7.1. Effects on feed resources availability and quality
2.7.2. Effects on availability, quality and demand of water
2.8. Impact of Climate Change on Cattle Reproduction
2.8.1. Impact of heat stress on female reproductive performance
2.9. Impact of Heat Stress on Male Reproductive Performance
2.9.1. Impact of increased ambient temperature on energy balance and metabolism
2.9.2. Impacts of thermal stress on rumen health and pH
2.9.3. Impacts of thermal stress on milk production
2.9.4. Impact of nutritional stress on reproduction
2.10. Mitigation Strategies to Combat Climate Change impacts on livestock
2.10.1. Summarizing adaptation and mitigation practices
2.10.2. Adaptation measures
2.10.3. Livestock production and management systems modification
2.10.4. Breeding strategies
2.10.5. Farmers’ perception and adaptive capacity
3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
4. RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
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