Geography Revision Population paper
1
Population Dynamics
Natural Decrease Difference between Birth rate and death rate
(B.R. D.R.)
Natural Increase- Difference between Death rate and birth rate
(D.R.-B.R.)
Dependency Ratio- Proportion of working (economically active)
and non-working (non-economically active)
population.
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64
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Infant mortality rate- The number of deaths per year among infants
less than on year old per 1000 live births.
Fertility rate- The average number of children born to a
woman in her lifetime.
Ageing Population- One in which the proportion of old people,
usually defined as aged 65 and older, is
increasing.
Crude birth rate- The number of live births per 1000 people in a
year.
Crude death rate- The number of deaths per 1000 people in a
year.
Geography Revision Population paper
2
Mortality- Measured by crude death rate. Factors affecting
mortality:
·
Demographic structure
·
Medicine
·
Social Class
·
Place of residence
Population density- The number of people per unit of an area,
usually measured as number of people per
square kilometre.
Population distribution- The way in which people are dispersed or
spread across an area. In most countries there is
an uneven distribution with high and low
concentrations of people.
Population structure- The make-up of a population by age and by sex.
It is shown by a population pyramid.
Migration- The movement of people both within and
between countries.
Megacity- A city with more than 10 Million inhabitants.
Millionaire city- A city of more than one million people.
Settlement processes and patterns
Binary settlement This distribution exists in a country when the
two largest cities are almost of equal size. They
may be of almost equal importance although
their functions may be different, such as capital
city and chief port (e.g. Amsterdam &
Rotterdam)
Primate settlement This distribution exists in a country when the
Patterns- largest settlement is much more than twice the
size of the second largest city. It may be many
times larger and this means that the rank size
rule does not apply.
Patterns -
Geography Revision Population paper
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Central place- A settlement that supplies goods and survices to
the area around it. The larger the central place,
the larger the area that it serves.
Conurbation- A large urban area, formed by the merging
together of two or more cities, engulfing
smaller towns and villages.
Re-urbanisation- This means an increasing number of people
moving back into inner urban areas having
previously lived in the suburbs or outside the
urban area.
Counter urbanization- This occurs when increasing numbers of people
move out of urban areas into the rural-urban
fringe or further away into rural villages.
Decentralization- For an urban area it is the increasing movement
of industries and businesses out of central areas
(usually the CBD) towards the edges of the
built-up area and into the rural-urban fringe. For
a country it is the increasing movement of
people and businesses away from the core
region, often around the capital city.
Functions- The purposes for the establishment and growth
of a settlement. The larger the settlement the
greater the number and variety of functions it is
likely to have.
Gentrification- This is when the status of an inner urban area,
which has become unfashionable and neglected,
is upgraded as wealthier people move back in.
They have sufficient financial resources to
improve properties and thereby increase the
area's status again.
Settlement hierarchy- This is when settlements are placed in order
according to size or to the number of goods and
services supplied by them. A hierarchy always
has a pyramid shape because there are more
small settlements than large ones.
Geography Revision Population paper
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Retailing- Selling goods to people.
Retailing hierarchy- This forms a shape of a pyramid with a large
number of small shops at the base and a smaller
number of "high-street" shopping centres in
CBD's at the top. Changes to the traditional
hierarchy are occurring as a result of out-of-
town shopping centres being built.
High order goods These are consumed relatively infrequently and
And services- therefore need a large number of people living
within their trade area to make them
commercially profitable. They are most
frequently located in retail areas at or near the
top of the retail hierarchy.
Sphere of influence- The area served by a central place, which was
referred to as its trade area. It can also be used
to designate the area from within which people
are attracted to buy goods and services from
outlets such as shops and offices.
Infrastructure- Essential services which need to be provided,
often by governments, to create an environment
in which commercial activities can be
successfully established. This includes the
provision of reliable power and water supplies
and good transport links.
Land use - The ways in which the land is used, e.g. houses,
shops and factories, open spaces such as parks
and sports grounds, non-productive areas such
as waste land and derelict building.
Low order goods- These are consumed frequently and regularly so
that retail outlets specialising in these can have
small trade areas and still be commercially
viable.
Range- The maximum distance that a person is
prepared to travel to purchase goods or services.
The range marks the limits of the area served by
a settlement or central place.
Geography Revision Population paper
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Rank size rule- This rule states that if all settlements in a
country are ranked according to population size,
their sizes will be inversely proportional to their
rank. Thus the second largest settlement will
have a population half the size of the largest
settlement. The third largest will be one third
the size of the largest and so on.
Rural Settlement- A small settlement surrounded by countryside
such as a hamlet or village. A small market
town would be the largest example of a rural
settlement.
Rural-urban fringe- The area of countryside lying on the edges of
the built up area. This area is under greatest
pressure from city growth, which is increasing
because of the desire of many people and
businesses to move out of town.
Shanty town- An area of poor, low-cost housing in or around
a big city in the LEDW, often without the full
provision of essential urban services.
Squatter settlement- This is the first area of self-help housing for
many newcomers into cities in LEDC's, in
general they are lower status than shanty towns.
Settlement structure- This is the form and lay out of settlements and
includes land use patterns found there. Urban
models attempt to summarise these land use
patterns which means they are trying to indicate
settlement structure.
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- Quote paper
- Albrecht, Jana (Author), 2001, Population Revision, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/104446
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